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. 2022 Nov 25;13(10):4127–4148. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.021

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© 2023 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Characteristics of a variety of agents and delivery patterns for cartilage drug delivery system (DDS). (A) Each of the six therapeutic factors (small molecules, proteins, peptides, ions, nucleic acids and exosomes) has unique advantages and disadvantages. (B) Each of the five delivery patterns (physical entrapment into the matrix, immobilization in scaffolds, microparticles and nanoparticles, vectors for gene delivery and stimuli-responsive delivery strategies) have unique release profiles and release characteristics.