TABLE 5.

Main studies of gut microbiome to predict antitumor immunotherapy in the last 5 years.

Cancer type	Microbiome	Therapy	Key findings	References
Melanoma	Lachnospiraceae/Ruminococcaceae families of Firmicutewas and Actinobacteria phylum	Anti‐PD‐1	Microbiota composition optimally related to clinical outcome following 1 year of initiation of treatment.	McCulloch et al. 227
Melanoma	Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, and Roseburia spp.	Anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 or anti‐CTLA‐4	These microbiomes were associated with responders, but none could be considered promising biomarkers.	Lee et al. 228
Epithelial tumors	Akkermansia muciniphila	Anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 or anti‐CTLA‐4	Akkermansia muciniphila were associated with favorable outcomes.	Routy et al. 229
RCC	Clostridium hathewayi	Nivolumab	Antibiotics use have been found to reduce ORR and markedly facilitating the dominance of distinct species.	Derosa et al. 230
NSCLC	Alistipes putredinis, Bifidobacterium longum, and Prevotella copri	Nivolumab	Alistipes putredinis, Bifidobacterium longum, and Prevotella copri are associated with responders whereas Ruminococcus_unclassified enriched in nonresponders.	Jin et al. 231
HCC	Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcaceae.	Anti‐PD‐1	Responders were identified to have a higher proportion of Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcaceae.	Zheng et al. 232

ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; P PD‐1, programmed cell death protein‐1; PD‐L1, programmed cell death‐ligand 1; CTLA‐4, cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4; NSCLC, non‐small cell lung cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ORR, objective response rate; RCC, renal cell carcinoma.