Table 3.

Overview of the Role of Social Work for EMS

Brief Citations	Pre-EMS	During EMS	Post-EMS
Witmer, et al 1995	Interpretation, facilitation, community outreach, advocacy, health education, information providing,	Appointment keeping, emotional support, reducing the costs of care, taking the burden off.	Evaluation, empowering, enabling, assisting, resource mobilization, training, volunteering.
Rose, et al 2016	Coordination, mediating, liaison, interdisciplinary collaboration.	Case management, counseling, empowering, trauma healing, capacity building, contacting the patient.	Restoring existing systems, community dialogue, empowering, engaging.
Ross, et al 2004	Consultation, collaboration, online and offline communication, counseling, and expertise with the provider.	Service coordination, counseling, referral, community resources mobilizations, psychosocial assessment.	Counseling, educating, teaching, and service management, meetings with parents and systems.
Kwan, et al 2018	Linkage and connection to community resources, referral, providing education, home visits, broker, mediating liaison.	Psychosocial intervention for psychosocial and chronic disease management.	Trainer, educator, change agent system, making positive changes in their behaviors, research, and evaluation.
Hall, et al 2018	Change Agent System, behavior risk modification, research, and evaluation, facilitating communication on admission to the hospitalsetting, care manager.	Discharge planner, liaison, case management, facilitating the discharge plan, consultations, cooperating among health agencies, providing education, and recreational support.	Coordinating and improving health education and promotion, mediating for full recovery, and preventing readmission. Follow up, research, and evaluation.
Yu, et al 2020	Educating, promoting health care, training, service networking, enabler, building social awareness, advocacy, mediating, efficient linkages logistical supporter, volunteer, recordkeeping, medical referral, liaison.	Collaboration, rescue, supporting, facilitating change agents, providing critical services, consultation, and group intervention. Psychological first aid, collaboration, cooperation, advocating, resource mobilization, referral, research, evaluation, and follow up.	Resources mobilization, interdisciplinary remote networking, liaison, collaboration, and coalition among community outreach networking, research, evaluation, and follow up.
Monahan 2019	Preparedness planning, sharing information, providing training exercises, and assisting communities with adaptive resilience for survival patterns during a disaster.	Disaster mental health services and crisis intervention. Delivering safety, security, food, clothing, shelter, relief, and fundraising. Mental health support includes debriefing, grief counseling, psychoeducation, and therapeutic intervention.	Mediating disaster impact, recovery efforts, rebuilding of communities and ensuring community participants include emergency units of the community.
Padgett 2002	Research cooperation among different professionals likehealth, law, and mental health, and multidisciplinary partnerships would improve the psychosocial effects of emergencies.	Counseling, emotional support, and rescue worker advocating for PTSD, and exposure therapy uses cognitive-behavioral techniques like debriefing, psychodynamic therapy, liaison GOs and NGOs among relief agencies for disaster relief.	Innovative network analyses, collaboration for thethe resilience of communities, to improve, design, and evaluate the model of community practice model.
Cacciatore, et al 2011	Providing knowledge on local resources, referrals, understanding of emergency medicine, and awareness among the cultural and ethnic community. Educate the family, train for the family, and advocate for clients.	Assessment and appraisal, psychological crisis management, ensuring long-term social support, and facilitating the appearance of emotions, signs, and fears. Mediating, delivering the sad news, and stress debriefing. Intervention approaches.	Advocating social support advocate, liaison, providing accurate information, and activating support for the family.
Janet 1995	Providing mental healthservices, outreach, home visits, system intervention, empowering, providing education, information sharing, facilitation of community relations, linkages, and awareness building.	Crisis intervention, improving cognitive mistakes, modeling behaviors, and giving support, group therapy to facilitate the recovery process.	Training program, evaluationof the program outcome, community education through information programs, and self-help development.

Abbreviations: EMS, Emergency Medical Services; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; GO, government organization; NGO, nongovernmental organization.