Table 3.
Participants’ opinions on the impact of WPV, violence reporting behavior, strategies to mitigate violence, and risk factors according to professional profile and sex.
| Item | Overall n. 200 | Professional profile | Sex | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physicians n. 71 | Nurses n. 107 | Other n. 22 | Female n. 144 | Male n. 53 | ||||||||
| Disagree | Agree | Disagree | Agree | Disagree | Agree | Disagree | Agree | Disagree | Agree | Disagree | Agree | |
| The effect of the episodes of WPV one had on the different aspects of life | ||||||||||||
| How much have the episodes of violence at your workplace affected your personal wellbeing and self-care?* | 135 (67.5) | 65 (32.5) | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | 69 (64.5) | 38 (35.5) | 19 (86.4) | 3 (13.6) | 95 (66.0) | 49 (34.0) | 39 (73.6) | 14 (26.4) |
| How much has your family been affected due to the episodes of violence at your workplace?** | 145 (72.5) | 55 (27.5) | 50 (70.4) | 21 (29.6) | 78 (72.9) | 29 (27.1) | 17 (77.3) | 5 (22.7) | 101 (70.1) | 43 (29.9) | 43 (81.1) | 10 (18.9) |
| How much has your social life been affected due to the episodes of violence at your workplace?*** | 148 (47.0) | 52 (26.0) | 56 (78.9) | 15 (21.1) | 75 (70.1) | 32 (29.9) | 17 (77.3) | 5 (22.7) | 103 (71.5) | 41 (28.5) | 44 (83.0) | 9 (17.0) |
| How much do the episodes of violence at your workplace has affected your mental and psychological well-being (increased aggressiveness, irritability, low self-esteem, etc.)? | 102 (51.0) | 98 (49.0) | 37 (52.1) | 34 (47.9) | 51 (47.7) | 56 (52.3) | 14 (63.6) | 8 (36.4) | 69 (47.6) | 75 (52.1) | 32 (60.4) | 21 (39.6) |
| Reporting of incidence | ||||||||||||
| I would be comfortable in reporting the episode of violence at my workplace to competent authorities. | 34 (17.0) | 116 (83.0) | 14 (19.7) | 57 (80.3) | 18 (16.8) | 89 (83.2) | 2 (9.1) | 20 (90.9) | 25 (17.4) | 119 (82.6) | 7 (13.2) | 46 (86.8) |
| Extent to which these following reasons lead to under-reporting? | ||||||||||||
| Felt ashamed of reporting | 104 (52.0) | 96 (48.0) | 39 (54.9) | 32 (45.1) | 58 (54.2) | 49 (45.8) | 7 (31.8) | 15 (68.2) | 70 (48.6) | 74 (51.4) | 32 (60.4) | 21 (39.6) |
| A belief that no action will be taken against the perpetrator// per sex (p = 0.003) | 21 (10.5) | 179 (89.5) | 11 (15.5) | 60 (84.5) | 9 (8.4) | 98 (91.6) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (95.5) | 9 (6.3) | 135 (93.8) | 11 (20.8) | 42 (79.2) |
| Lack of organizational support | 22 (11.0) | 178 (89.0) | 8 (11.3) | 63 (88.7) | 11 (10.3) | 96 (89.7) | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) | 16 (11.1) | 128 (88.9) | 6 (11.3) | 47 (88.7) |
| Lack of provision to report such incidences | 45 (22.5) | 155 (77.5) | 13 (18.3) | 58 (81.7) | 26 (24.3) | 81 (75.7) | 6 (27.3) | 16 (72.7) | 34 (23.4) | 110 (76.4) | 11 (20.8) | 42 (79.2) |
| The process was time-consuming | 52 (26.0) | 148 (74.0) | 14 (19.7) | 57 (80.3) | 32 (29.9) | 75 (70.1) | 6 (27.3) | 16 (72.7) | 42 (29.2) | 102 (70.8) | 10 (18.9) | 43 (81.1) |
| Fear that the appraisal or promotion avenues will be affected | 108 (54.0) | 92 (46.0) | 42 (59.2) | 29 (40.8) | 56 (52.3) | 51 (47.7) | 10 (45.5) | 12 (54.5) | 75 (52.1) | 69 (47.9) | 33 (62.3) | 20 (37.7) |
| Mitigation Strategies | ||||||||||||
| Controlling the number of attendants visiting the hospital with a patient | 29 (14.5) | 171 (85.5) | 11 (15.5) | 60 (84.5) | 16 (15.0) | 91 (85.0) | 2 (9.1) | 20 (90.9) | 21 (14.6) | 123 (85.4) | 8 (15.1) | 45 (84.9) |
| Educating patients and attendants about limitations of medical sciences and available infrastructure | 16 (8.0) | 184 (92.0) | 5 (7.0) | 66 (93.0) | 11 (10.3) | 96 (89.7) | - | 22 (100) | 12 (8.3) | 132 (91.7) | 4 (7.5) | 49 (92.5) |
| Regular training of healthcare workers regarding soft skills (communication skills, breaking bad news, counseling skills, problem solving skills) | 7 (3.5) | 193 (96.5) | 5 (7.0) | 66 (93.0) | 2 (1.9) | 105 (98.1) | - | 22 (100) | 4 (2.8) | 140 (97.2) | 3 (5.7) | 50 (94.3) |
| Self-defence training of Health care workers// per sex (p < 0.001) | 50 (25.0) | 150 (75.0) | 23 (32.4) | 48 (67.6) | 24 (22.4) | 83 (77.6) | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) | 25 (17.4) | 119 (82.6) | 24 (45.3) | 29 (54.7) |
| Improving healthcare facilities (like doctor-patient ratio, population-bed ratio) | 3 (1.5) | 197 (98.5) | - | 71 (100) | 3 (2.8) | 104 (97.2) | - | 22 (100) | 2 (1.4) | 142 (98.6) | 1 (1.9) | 52 (98.1) |
| Improving facilities within a hospital (like availability of medicines and diagnostic tests) | 33 (16.5) | 167 (83.5) | 10 (14.1) | 61 (85.9) | 20 (18.7) | 87 (81.3) | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) | 21 (14.6) | 123 (85.4) | 12 (22.6) | 41 (77.4) |
| Improving Infrastructure facilities (like installation of CCTVs, metal detectors, alarm system) | 13 (6.5) | 187 (93.5) | 6 (8.5) | 65 (91.5) | 6 (5.6) | 101 (94.4) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (95.5) | 9 (6.3) | 135 (93.8) | 4 (7.5) | 49 (92.5) |
| Active complaint redressal system | 24 (12.0) | 176 (88.0) | 10 (14.1) | 61 (85.9) | 13 (12.1) | 94 (87.9) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (95.5) | 14 (9.7) | 130 (90.3) | 10 (18.9) | 43 (81.1) |
| Strong legislature measures like provision of significant punishment for offenders | 6 (3.0) | 194 (97.0) | 2 (2.8) | 69 (97.2) | 3 (2.8) | 104 (97.2) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (95.5) | 4 (2.8) | 140 (97.2) | 2 (3.8) | 51 (96.2) |
| Unbiased media reporting | 8 (4.0) | 192 (96.0) | 3 (4.2) | 68 (95.8) | 5 (4.7) | 102 (95.3) | - | 22 (100) | 5 (3.5) | 139 (96.5) | 3 (5.7) | 50 (94.3) |
| Sensitizing politicians and public figures not to give immature/negative statements regarding healthcare workers | 5 (2.5) | 195 (97.5) | 2 (2.8) | 69 (97.2) | 3 (2.8) | 104 (97.2) | - | 22 (100) | 4 (2.8) | 140 (97.2) | 1 (1.9) | 52 (98.1) |
| Peaceful working climate (missing = 1) | - | 199 (100) | - | 70 (100) | - | 107 (100) | - | 22 (100) | - | 143 (100) | - | 53 (100) |
| Availability of support from colleagues (missing = 1) | 1 (0.5) | 198 (99.5) | 1 (1.4) | 69 (98.6) | - | 107 (100) | - | 22 (100) | - | 143 (100) | 1 (1.9) | 52 (98.1) |
| Risk factors related to incidents of Workplace violence | ||||||||||||
| Unrealistic expectations of patients/attendants | - | 200 (100) | - | 71 (100) | - | 107 (100) | - | 22 (100) | - | 144 (100) | - | 53 (100) |
| Inappropriate knowledge about the disease/health condition | 6 (3.0) | 194 (97.0) | 3 (4.2) | 68 (95.8) | 3 (2.8) | 104 (97.2) | - | 22 (100) | 6 (4.2) | 138 (95.8) | - | 53 (100) |
| Poor communication skills | 6 (3.0) | 194 (97.0) | 2 (2.8) | 69 (97.2) | 4 (3.7) | 103 (96.3) | - | 22 (100) | 3 (2.1) | 141 (97.9) | 3 (5.7) | 50 (94.3) |
| Lack of resources (equipment and medicines, doctor-patient ratio)// per sex (p = 0.026) | 24 (12.0) | 176 (88.0) | 13 (18.3) | 58 (81.7) | 10 (9.3) | 97 (90.7) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (95.5) | 13 (9.0) | 131 (91.0) | 11 (20.8) | 42 (79.2) |
| Overcrowding | 7 (3.5) | 193 (96.5) | 3 (4.2) | 68 (95.8) | 4 (3.7) | 103 (96.3) | - | 22 (100) | 5 (3.5) | 139 (96.5) | 2 (3.8) | 51 (96.2) |
| Long waiting time | - | 200 (100) | - | 71 (100) | - | 107 (100) | 22 (100) | - | 144 (100) | - | 53 (100) | |
| Inadequate security arrangements// per sex (p = 0.020) | 18 (9.0) | 182 (91.0) | 8 (11.3) | 63 (88.7) | 9 (8.4) | 98 (91.6) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (95.5) | 9 (6.3) | 135 (93.8) | 9 (17.0) | 44 (83.0) |
| Inadequate action on receiving complaints of WPV | 1 (0.5) | 199 (99.5) | 1 (1.4) | 70 (98.6) | - | 107 (100) | - | 22 (100) | - | 144 (100) | 1 (1.9) | 52 (98.1) |
| Lack of respect for the authority of doctors/healthcare workers | 3 (1.5) | 197 (98.5) | 2 (2.8) | 69 (97.2) | 1 (0.9) | 106 (99.1) | - | 22 (100) | 2 (1.4) | 142 (98.6) | 1 (1.9) | 52 (98.1) |
| Negative and inappropriate media reporting | 4 (2.0) | 196 (98.0) | 2 (2.8) | 69 (97.2) | 2 (1.9) | 105 (98.1) | - | 22 (100) | 1 (0.7) | 143 (99.3) | 3 (5.7) | 50 (94.3) |
| Lack of the provision of harsh punishment for aggressors/offenders | 12 (6.0) | 188 (94.0) | 5 (7.0) | 66 (93.0) | 6 (5.6) | 101 (94.4) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (95.5) | 6 (4.2) | 138 (95.8) | 6 (11.3) | 47 (88.7) |
| Lack of redressal system// per sex (p = 0.024) | 21 (10.5) | 179 (89.5) | 11 (15.5) | 60 (84.5) | 9 (8.4) | 98 (91.6) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (95.5) | 11 (7.6) | 133 (92.4) | 10 (18.9) | 43 (81.1) |
*Personal wellbeing and self-care include activities such as sleep schedule, eating pattern, fitness, grooming, dressing etc.; **Family life is defined as the routine interactions and activities that a family have together especially with the members who live together with parents, spouse, children; ***Social life is defined as the part of a person’s time spent doing enjoyable things with others like friends, colleagues or people living in the society other than close family member. In bold are reported statistically significant differences among values.