. 2023 Sep 1;8(9):708–718. doi: 10.1530/EOR-23-0025
This work is licensed under a Table 3.
Reliability of spinal postural assessments in different studies.
| Reference | Reliability, ICC | |
|---|---|---|
| Inter-rater | Intra-rater | |
| Yang et al. (52) | No | Repeated after 1 week |
| Standing posture | 0.92 | |
| Prone posture | 0.93 | |
| Sitting posture | 0.90 | |
| Lee et al. (53) | No | |
| Shoulder and elbow | κ = 0.41, κ w= 0.52, ks = 0.89 | |
| Wrist | κ = 0.20, κ w = 0.26, ks = 0.52 | |
| Trunk | κ = 0.89, κw = 0.89, ks = 0.26 | |
| Cary et al. (54) | Repeated after 2 days | |
| Fleiss Kappa | 0.83 (95% CI: 0.82–0.84) | |
| Cohen’s Kappa | 0.93 (95% CI: 0.80–1.0) | |
| Gallego-Izquierdo et al. (55) | 0.85 | 0.88 |
| Mani et al. (56) | Repeated after 1 h | |
| 0.96–0.99 | 0.93–0.99 | |
| Vieira et al. (57) | ||
| Photogrammetry | ||
| Hip angle | 0.564 | 0.502 |
| Ankle angle | 0.996 | |
| Head vertical alignment | 0.995 | |
| Visual inspection | −0.002 (−0.036; 0.014)* | |
| Lins et al. (24) | No | |
| Arms | 98%, ks = 0.98 | |
| Legs | 66–97%, ks = 0.85 | |
| Upper body | 80–96%, ks = 0.85 | |
| Takatalo et al. (25) | Repeated after 1 day | |
| Inclinometer measurements | ||
| sitting | 0.85 | 0.84 |
| standing | 0.81 | 0.86 |
| Tape measurements | 0.74 | 0.86 |
| Hopkins et al. (58) | ||
| Sagittal plane hip shift | 0.74 ± 0.05 | |
| Frontal plane hip shift | 0.23 ± 0.08 | |
| Gardiner et al. (59) | ||
| IMU test | No | 0.94–0.97 |
| Ruthard et al. (60) | No | Repeated after 2 days |
| Sagittal and frontal plane | 0.69–0.99 | |
| Yu et al. (61) | Repeated after 1 week | |
| Height of the ASIS from the platform left | 0.96; s.e.m.= 1.35; MDD95= 3.74 | 0.99; s.e.m . = 0.79; MDD95= 2.20 |
| Pimentel-Santos et al. (62) | No | |
| MTM | ≥0.90 | |
| SWE | ≥0.85 | |
| Carvalho et al. (63) | ||
| AWI, ATI, and TC | 0.82–0.85 | 0.77–0.94† |
| Martinez et al. (64) | ||
| Dominant lower limb | 0.91 | 0.90 |
| Nondominant lower limb | 0.94 | 0.92 |
| Paraskevopoulos et al. (66) | ||
| First and second methods | 0.90–0.97;s.e.m.= 0.17–0.16 | 0.90–0.98; s.e.m. = 0.16–0.13 |
| Third method | 0.84–0.92; s.e.m. : 0.23–0.13 | 0.84–0.92; s.e.m.: 0.23–0.13 |
| Last two methods | 0.70–0.68; S.E.M. = 0.23–0.27 | 0.66–0.77; S.E.M. = 0.20 |
| Yeung et al. (65) | ||
| EOS (uprightposition) | 0.903 | 0.969 |
| CT (prone position) | 0.961 | 0.985 |
| Matamalas et al. (23) | ||
| Cronbach’s alpha coefficient | 0.84 | |
| κw | 0.14–0.63 | 0.35–0.99 |
*Value is from Janson and Olsson’s iota (95% CI); †includes PMI and SI.
AIS, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; ATI, acromion to the treatment table index; AWI, acromion to the wall index; CT, computed tomography; EOS, biplanar stereoradiography; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; IMU, inertial measurement unit; κ, Fleiss kappa; κ w, Conger-weighted kappa coefficients; k s, kappa scores; κ L, light’s kappa; I=; axSpA, axial spondyloarthritis; PMI, pectoralis minor index; SD, standard deviation; SI, scapular index; TC, thoracic curvature.