Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants enrolled in VLCKD and HBD groups
| ALL | VLCKD | HBD | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partecipants (n) | N = 59 | N = 30 | N = 29 | – |
| Gender, Female, n (%) | 56 (94.9) | 29 (96.7) | 27 (93.1) | 0.612 |
| Age (years) | 42.6 ± 11.5 | 41 ± 12.3 | 44 ± 10.5 | 0.361 |
| Class of age (n) | ||||
| 18–35 | 19 (32.2) | 12 (40.0) | 7 (24.2) | |
| 36–50 | 21 (35.6) | 10 (33.3) | 11 (37.9) | |
| 51 + | 19 (32.2) | 8 (26.7) | 11 (37.9) | 0.402 |
| Weight (kg) | 88.6 ± 16.6 | 91.8 ± 16.0 | 85.3 ± 16.9 | 0.143 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 31.6 (27.8–35.2) | 33.65 (29.3–36.0) | 29.0 (27.5–34.1) | 0.051 |
| WC (cm) | 95.7 ± 12.6 | 98.3 ± 12.3 | 93.0 ± 12.4 | 0.112 |
| HC (cm), median (IQR) | 115.0 (109.0–124.0) | 120.0 (110–126) | 112.0 (106.2–119.2) | 0.029 |
| WHR | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.07 | 0.8 ± 0.09 | 0.960 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.0 ± 14.0 | 126.1 ± 12.5 | 117.8 ± 14.5 | 0.026 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81.3 ± 9.4 | 83.3 ± 9.0 | 79.5 ± 9.5 | 0.128 |
| Heart frequency | 76.4 ± 9.1 | 75.8 ± 8.8 | 77.2 ± 9.4 | 0.581 |
| Comorbidity (n) | ||||
| ≥ 1 | 49 (83.1) | 23 (76.7) | 26 (89.7) | 0.108 |
| Comorbidity (n) | ||||
| Cardiovascular | 5 (17.2) | – | 5 (17.2) | 0.052 |
| Hypertension | 14 (24.1) | 8 (27.6) | 6 (20.7) | 0.539 |
| Metabolic | 24 (41.4) | 10 (34.5) | 14 (48.3) | 0.286 |
| Gastrointestinal | 24 (40.7) | 11 (36.7) | 13 (44.8) | 0.524 |
| Respiratory | 5 (8.5) | 3 (10.0) | 2 (6.9) | 1.000 |
| ENT | 1 (1.7) | – | 1 (3.4) | 0.492 |
| Urologic | 3 (5.1) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (6.9) | 0.612 |
| Rheumatologic | 1 (1.7) | – | 1 (3.4) | 0.492 |
| Hematologic | 2 (3.4) | 2 (6.7) | – | 0.492 |
| Neoplastic | 1 (1.7) | – | 1 (3.4) | 0.492 |
| Gynecological | 12 (20.3) | 6 (20.0) | 6 (20.7) | 0.948 |
| Orthopedic | 4 (6.8) | 1 (3.3) | 3 (10.3) | 0.353 |
| TMJ dysfunction | 1 (1.7) | 1 (3.3) | – | 1.000 |
| Trauma | 4 (6.9) | 1 (3.3) | 3 (10.7) | 0.344 |
| Psychiatric | 10 (17.2) | 5 (16.9) | 5 (17.9) | 0.905 |
| Age migraine onset, mean ± sd | 18.6 ± 9.3 | 19.5 ± 7.8 | 17.7 ± 10.8 | 0.462 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 15 (25.4) | 6 (20.0) | 9 (31.0) | 0.330 |
| Sport activity, n (%) | 19 (32.2) | 9 (30.0) | 10 (34.59 | 0.713 |
| Alcohol occasional consumption, n (%) | 31 (54.4) | 17 (60.7) | 14 (48.3) | 0.346 |
| Previous pregnancies, n (%) | 25 (44.6) | 10 (34.5) | 15 (55.6) | 0.113 |
| Menopause, n (%) | 15 (27.3) | 7 (24.1) | 8 (30.8) | 0.581 |
| E/P therapy, n (%) | 5 (8.9) | 4 (13.8) | 1 (3.7) | 0.185 |
| Quality of sleep, n (%) | ||||
| Poor | 9 (26.5) | 6 (31.6) | 3 (20.0) | |
| Good | 25 (73.5) | 13 (68.4) | 12 (80.0) | 0.697 |
| Aura, n (%) | 10 (17.2) | 4 (13.8) | 6 (20.7) | 0.730 |
| Aura duration (minutes) | 26.1 ± 21.4 | 23.7 ± 24.3 | 28.0 ± 21.7 | 0.789 |
| MMDs (n/month) | 13.2 ± 5.3 | 15.0 ± 5.6 | 11.3 ± 4.2 | 0.007 |
| Monthly analgesic intake (n/month, %) | 56 (96.6) | 29 (100.0) | 27 (93.1) | 0.491 |
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; BP, blood pressure; ENT, Ear, nose and throat, TMJ, temporomandibular joint; E/P, estrogen/progestins; MMDs, monthly migraine days
All values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range, IQR). Differences were considered statistically significant when p was < 0.05. Significant p values are highlighted in bold