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. 2023 Oct 4;22:166. doi: 10.1186/s12944-023-01921-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Ceramide distributions in the cohort

A: The heatmap shows the relative abundances of ceramide levels among the three groups. The concentration values of ceramides were normalized by the logarithm to base 2 and the legend shows the relative abundances in Z score. The color intensity (from blue to red) suggests low to high concentration values. Three groups were distinguished by different colors of upper legends (blue for “NC”, green for “MHO” and pink for “MUO”).

B: Population distribution of metabolic risk abnormities by sex

C: The variation tendency of serum Cer d18:1/24:1 levels in populations with “one” to “five” metabolic risk abnormities. The violin plot shows the median and quartiles of ceramide levels, of which the features also show the distribution of data