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. 2023 Oct 2;15(2):2263209. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2263209

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — The presence of intestinal immune activation in irritable bowel syndrome.

In the intestinal tissues of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome, impaired intestinal mucosal barrier due to dysbiosis may activate a pro-inflammatory dendritic cell phenotype that stimulates an immune response by T-cell B cells and increases cell permeability. DC, dendritic cell; EC, enterophilic cell; IL-17A, interleukin 17A; INF-γ, tumor necrosis factor-γ; IgA, immunoglobulin A; MC, mast cell; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine.