Table 1. Summary of CGM metrics by presence of prediabetes in healthy non-diabetes participants (n = 40).
| Characteristics of research participants | Healthy (n = 26) | Prediabetes (n = 14) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | 12 (46%) | 8 (57%) | 0.507 |
| Age, year (range) | 33.9 ± 9.2 (23∼56) | 52.3 ± 5.2 (45∼60) | 0.000 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (range) | 21.1 ± 2.8 (16.9∼28) | 21.5 ± 2.1 (18.5∼25.1) | 0.660 |
| FBS, mg/dL (range) | 84.2 ± 6.9 (67∼97) | 101.9 ± 9.2 (84∼117) | 0.000 |
| HbA1c, % (range) | 5.0 ± 0.2 (4.4∼5.5) | 5.6 ± 0.3 (5.0∼6.1) | 0.000 |
| Overall glucose distribution and variability | |||
| Mean, mg/dL | 104.1 ± 20.7 | 110.0 ± 8.7 | 0.316 |
| SD, mg/dL | 20.0 ± 4.1 | 22.1 ± 4.4 | 0.151 |
| CV, % | 18.2 ± 3.9 | 20.1 ± 3.7 | 0.163 |
| MAGE, mg/dL | 49.2 ± 9.4 | 56.0 ± 11.4 | 0.044 |
| Percentage of glucose sensor values | |||
| TAR (180), % | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 0.086 |
| TAR (180) ≻ 0, % | 13 (50%) | 10 (71%) | 0.191 |
| TIR (70–180), % | 97.6 ± 2.8 | 97.8 ± 1.3 | 0.832 |
| TAR (140), % | 8.0 ± 7.1 | 10.6 ± 6.2 | 0.253 |
| TIR (70–140), % | 90.5 ± 7.2 | 88.6 ± 5.9 | 0.407 |
| Total energy, nutrients, food groups | |||
| Energy, kcal/d | 1482 ± 380 | 1814 ± 587 | 0.037 |
| Carbohydrate, % energy | 48.3 ± 6.9 | 46.9 ± 7.7 | 0.556 |
| Alcohol, % energy | 6.4 ± 7.0 | 5.0 ± 8.0 | 0.570 |
| Confections, g/d | 59.2 ± 45.7 | 62.5 ± 40.7 | 0.823 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages, g/d | 55.7 ± 73.8 | 97.1 ± 101.7 | 0.193 |
| Lifestyle behaviors | |||
| G5: Do you eat fast? | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 01.0 | 0.645 |
| G6: Do you often eat snacks? | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 0.313 |
| G6: Do you often drink? | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 0.313 |
| G7: Do you often skip breakfast? | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 0.237 |
| G7: Do you eat between meals during the day? | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 0.023 |
| G7: Do you eat a late-night snack? | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.011 |
| Dairy activity (n = 25, 14) | |||
| Average dairy step counts | 9172 ± 2056 | 9446 ± 3495 | 0.797 |
CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient variation; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; TAR, time above range; TIR, time in range. Prediabetes was defined by the HbA1c level of 5.7 to 6.4% and /or impaired fasting glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL.