Table 1.
Species | Flower morphotype k = 5 |
Pollination mode from k-means |
Pollination index |
---|---|---|---|
T. thalictroides a | Petaloid sepal | Insect | 3.00 |
T. aquilegiifolium d | Showy stamen | Insect | 2.71 |
T. delavayi* | Petaloid sepal | Insect | 2.71 |
T. rochebrunianum | Petaloid sepal | Insect | 2.71 |
T. clavatum b | Showy stamen | Insect | 2.57 |
T. ichangense | Showy stamen | Insect | 2.57 |
T. petaloideum* | Showy stamen | Insect | 2.57 |
T. tuberiferum | Showy stamen | Insect | 2.57 |
T. coreanum | Showy stamen | Insect | 2.43 |
T. lucidum | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 2.43 |
T. flavum d | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 2.29 |
T. omeiense | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 2.29 |
T. uchiyamae | Showy stamen | Insect | 2.29 |
T. kiusianum | Showy stamen | Insect | 2.14 |
T. actaeifolium | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 2.00 |
T. alpinum c | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 2.00 |
T. pubescens (S)a | Staminate | Wind | 2.00 |
T. pubescens (H)a | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | |
T. elegans | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 1.86 |
T. foetidum | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 1.86 |
T. isopyroides | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 1.86 |
T. minus d | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 1.86 |
T. simplex | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | 1.71 |
T. guatemalense (S) | Staminate | Wind | 1.43 |
T. guatemalense (H) | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect | |
T. revolutum (S)a | Staminate | Wind | 1.29 |
T. revolutum (C)a | Carpellate | ||
T. dasycarpum (S) | Staminate | Wind | 1.14 |
T. dasycarpum (C) | Carpellate | ||
T. dioicum (S)c | Staminate | Wind | 1.14 |
T. dioicum (C)c | Carpellate | ||
T. occidentale (S) | Staminate | Wind | 1.14 |
T. occidentale (C) | Carpellate | ||
T. fendleri (S)c | Staminate | Wind | 1.00 |
T. fendleri (C)c | Carpellate | ||
T. hernandezii (S) | Staminate | Wind | 1.00 |
T. hernandezii (H) | Intermediate | Wind/ambophily/insect |
Field-validated pollination modes are shown in bold (aKaplan and Mulcahy, 1971; bMelampy and Hayworth, 1980; cSteven and Waller, 2004; dGuzmán, 2005).
k-means assignments (k = 5 from PCA) provide new, more defined PI threshold values (thick lines): PI = 1.00–1.29 for wind pollination and PI = 2.57–3.00 for insect pollination. Intermediate values are unresolved. Estimates of PI are from Kaplan and Mulcahy (1971), Soza et al. (2012), Wang et al. (2019) and this study.
*Species with flowers split into more than one cluster were classified by the majority cluster (six of nine for T. delavayi and five of six for T. petaloideum).
For dioecious and andromonoecious species: C, carpellate; H, hermaphroditic; and S, staminate.