Table 1. Comparative summary of the recommendations on fasting between KSR, ESUR, and ACR.

Guidelines	Title	Chapter	Summary recommendations	Original language	Update year
Korean Society of Radiology (KSR) [3]	Korean clinical practice guidelines for adverse reactions to intravenous iodinate and MRI-gadolinium contrast agents: revised clinical consensus and recommendations (3rd edition, 2022).	I.3	There is no evidence that fasting is necessary to prevent aspiration pneumonia prior to examinations using CT or MRI contrast agents.	Korean	2022
			Unlike solid or liquid food (including milk), it is recommended that clear fluids such as water be consumed without restriction.
			For abdominal examinations, fasting may be required depending on the specific type of test in order to obtain appropriate images.
European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) [1]	ESUR guidelines on contrast agents (10th version)	A.1.5	Fasting before intravenous administration of contrast agents dates from the time when high-osmolar iodine-based contrast media were used and many patients vomited. Fasting is not recommended before administration of low- or iso-osmolar non-ionic iodine-based contrast media or of gadolinium-based agents.	English, Estonian, French, German, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, Slovakian, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese	2018
American College of Radiology (ACR) [2]	ACR manual on contrast media (version 2023)	Chapter 5	Current data suggests fasting does not reduce nausea, vomiting, or aspiration risks for modern contrast media.	English	2023

MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, CT = computed tomography