Table 1. Study characteristics.
| Studies | Country | Study design | Study period | Type of examination | Contrast media | Number of total patients | Number of patients in the fasting group | Number of patients in the non-fasting group | Incidence of nausea (fasting/non-fasting, %) | Incidence of vomiting (fasting/non-fasting, %) | Incidence of aspiration pneumonia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu et al. [22] | China | Retrospective | 2019.01 to 2020.12 | CT | LOCM | 127200 | 49676 | 77524 | 0.008/0.009 | 0.022/0.037 | 0 |
| IOCM | |||||||||||
| Neeman et al. [18]‡ | Israel | Prospective | 2018.04 to 2019.09 | CT | LOCM | 2091 | 1080 | 1011 | 6.6/7.6 | 2.6/3.0 | 0 |
| Tsushima et al. [20] | Japan | Retrospective | 2015.12 to 2020.03 | CT | LOCM | 58603 | 43927 | 14676 | 0.31/0.18* | 0.12/0.16 | 0 |
| Ha et al. [16]† | Republic of Korea | Retrospective | 2017.04 to 2019.07 | CT | LOCM | 864 | 276 | 588 | 0.7/0.7 | 1.1/1.5 | 0 |
| Barbosa et al. [3]‡ | Brazil | Prospective | 2011.11 to 2013.12 | CT | LOCM | 3206 | 1619 | 1587 | 1.1/0.9 | 0.1/0.2 | 0 |
| Li et al. [19] | China | Prospective | 2015.06 to 2017.06 | CT | LOCM | 110836 | 51807 | 59029 | 0.01/0.01 | 0.05/0.07 | 0 |
| IOCM | |||||||||||
| Hamid et al. [21] | United Kingdom | Retrospective | 2010.01 to 2013.12 | Angiography | N/A | 1916 | 0 | 1916 | N/A | N/A | 0 |
| Kwon et al. [17]† | Republic of Korea | Prospective | 2005.09 to 2009.03 | Angiography | LOCM | 2000 | 200 | 1800 | 1.5/0 | 1.0/1.1 | 0 |
| Kim et al. [15] | Republic of Korea | Prospective | 2017.01 to 2017.03 | CT | LOCM | 1175 | 948 | 227 | 2.85/3.08 | 0/0 | 0 |
| Park et al. [13] | Republic of Korea | Prospective | 2006.04 to 2006.08 | CT | N/A | 122 | 38 | 84 | 34.2/31.0 | 15.8/21.4 | 0 |
*There was statistically significant difference of incidence between the groups (P = 0.006), †The studies reported incidence of nausea and/or vomiting together, but we obtained the separate incidence of nausea and vomiting by contacting the authors, ‡Studies designed as randomized controlled studies.
CT = computed tomography, LOCM = low-osmolar contrast media, IOCM = iso-osmolar contrast media, N/A = not available