Table 2.

Pro-wound repair effect of hydrogel-loaded EVs from different material sources.

Polymers type	Source of encapsulant	Effects	Ref.
Chitosan-based hydrogels	BMSC- exos	anti-inflammatory and promotes angiogenesis	[78]
	hUCMSCs- exos	reduces inflammation	[112]
	hEnSC-exos	promotes angiogenesis and tissue granulation formation	[37]
Hyaluronic acid‒based hydrogels	M2 macrophages-exos	eradication of bacterial infection, alleviation of oxidative stress, stimulates angiogenesis and epithelization	[113]
	hMSC-exos	improves the proliferation, migration, and angiogenic ability	[79]
Alginate-based hydrogels	BMSC-EVs	inhibits excessive angiogenesis and collagen deposition	[62]
	ADSCs-exos	improves collagen synthesis and vessel formation	[85]
Collagen-based hydrogels	hUCMSCs-EVs	reduces the inflammatory response and promotes vascularization	[73]
	BMSCs-EVs	promotes collagen deposition	[90]
Gelatin-based hydrogels	platelet-EVs	inhibits inflammation and promotes angiogenesis	[114]
	hUCMSC-exos	promotes dermal fibroblast proliferation and migration	[115]
	periosteum-EVs	promotes angiogenesis	[116]
	BMSC-NVs	regulation of macrophage polarization	[117]
Silk fibroin-based hydrogels	PRP-exos	accelerates dermal angiogenesis	[108]
	hUCMSCs-exos	decreases inflammation	[118]
PEG-based hydrogels	ADSC-exos	promotes cell proliferation, enhances angiogenesis, and decreases the reactive oxygen species	[66,76,119]
	M2 macrophages-exos	promotes anti-inflammatory M2- macrophages polarization	[108]
PVA-based hydrogels	hUCMSCs-exos	promotes the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of the skin cell	[50]