TABLE 1.

Baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the analytic sample (n = 81,954) comprised of 16,939 women from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Dietary Modification Trial Comparison Group (DM-C) and 65,015 from the Observational Study (OS), enrolled during 1993–1998 at 40 United States clinical centers

	OS (n = 65,015)		DM-C (n = 16,939)
Characteristics	n	%	n	%
Age (y)
50–54	9126	14.0	1522	9.0
55–59	12,573	19.3	3634	21.5
60–64	14,381	22.1	4286	25.3
65–69	14,204	21.8	3902	23.0
70–74	10,259	15.8	2518	14.9
≥75	4472	6.9	1077	6.4
BMI (kg/m2)
<25	27,020	41.6	4579	27.0
25 to <30	22,140	34.1	6013	35.5
≥30	15,855	24.4	6347	37.5
Self-identified race/ethnicity
White	56,032	86.2	14,250	84.1
Black	4122	6.3	1401	8.3
Hispanic	2022	3.1	536	3.2
American Indian	223	0.3	58	0.3
Asian/PI	1799	2.8	477	2.8
Unknown	817	1.3	217	1.3
Education
<High school	2414	3.7	607	3.6
High school/GED	10,223	15.7	2876	17.0
School after high school	23,573	36.3	6648	39.2
College degree or higher	28,805	44.3	6808	40.2
Family income (USD/y)
<$20k	9118	14.0	2258	13.3
$20k to <$35k	14,967	23.0	4084	24.1
$35k to <$50k	13,278	20.4	3664	21.6
$50k to <$75k	13,584	20.9	3671	21.7
≥$75k	14,068	21.6	3262	19.3
Season of FFQ completion
Spring	16,755	25.8	4406	26.0
Summer	18,135	27.9	4172	24.6
Fall	15,148	23.3	4180	24.7
Winter	14,977	23.0	4181	24.7
Current smoker
No	61,120	94.0	15,917	94.0
Yes	3895	6.0	1022	6.0
Alcohol1
Nondrinker	18,410	28.3	5830	34.4
<1 drink/wk	20,583	31.7	4934	29.1
1 to <7 drinks/wk	17,424	26.8	4591	27.1
≥7 drinks/wk	8598	13.2	1584	9.4
Any dietary supplement use	36,358	55.9	8349	49.3
Medication use
Antihyperlipidemic medication	5996	9.2	1562	9.2
Antidiabetic medication	1916	2.9	686	4.0
Antihypertensive medication	19,098	29.4	5611	33.1
Postmenopausal hormone use
Never	25,334	39.0	6782	40.0
Past	9637	14.8	3357	19.8
Estrogens-alone	16,451	25.3	3932	23.2
Estrogens+Progestin	13,593	20.9	2868	16.9
Recreational physical activity, MET2-h/wk
None	8318	12.8	2952	17.4
>0 to ≤9.5	22,703	34.9	6910	40.8
>9.5 to ≤20.5	18,017	27.7	4110	24.3
>20.5	15,977	24.6	2967	17.5
History of CVD3
No	61,934	95.3	16,263	96.0
Yes	3081	4.7	676	4.0
History of MI	1410	2.2	330	1.9
History of CABG/PCI	1139	1.8	215	1.3
History of CHF	643	1.0	136	0.8
History of stroke	833	1.3	184	1.1
History of cancer
No	56,826	87.4	16,104	95.1
Yes	8189	12.6	835	4.9
Breast	3743	5.8	74	0.4
Colorectal	586	0.9	15	0.1
Ovary	427	0.7	72	0.4
Endometrium	1120	1.7	158	0.9
Thyroid	354	0.5	64	0.4
Cervix	794	1.2	211	1.2
Melanoma	877	1.3	113	0.7
Liver	24	0.0	1	0.0
Lung	145	0.2	15	0.1
Brain	32	0.0	6	0.0
Bone	42	0.1	9	0.1
Stomach	34	0.1	1	0.0
Leukemia	58	0.1	6	0.0
Bladder	120	0.2	12	0.1
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	148	0.2	6	0.0
Hodgkin’s lymphoma	42	0.1	6	0.0
History of treated hypertension	15,954	24.5	5197	30.7
History of treated type 2 diabetes	2360	3.6	826	4.9
Family history of MI	33,803	52.0	8740	51.6
Family history of stroke	24,694	38.0	6404	37.8
Family history of breast cancer	9882	15.9	2333	14.4
Family history of colorectal cancer	10,831	16.7	2687	15.9
Family history of diabetes	20,889	32.1	5859	34.6
Gail model breast cancer risk score (tertiles)
<1.26	18,972	29.2	5607	33.1
1.27–1.80	22,329	34.3	5900	34.8
>1.80	23,714	36.5	5432	32.1

Abbreviations: CABG/PCI, coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention; CHF, congestive heart failure; MET, metabolic equivalent units.

¹Drinks of alcohol defined as serving in mL (345 for beer, 177 for wine, and 43 for liquor).

²Metabolic equivalent unit.

³Nonfatal MI, CABG/PCI, CHF, or stroke.