Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population before and after inverse probability of treatment weighting
| Before Weighting | After Weighting | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | DOACs (N = 809) |
Warfarin (N = 202) |
Absolute standardized difference |
DOACs (N = 503) |
Warfarin (N = 508) |
Absolute standardized difference |
||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 84.1 (7.4) | 78.2 (10.3) | 0.66 | 83.1 (6.6) | 82.5 (12.6) | 0.06 | ||
| Female sex, No. (%) | 345 (42.7) | 85 (42.1) | 0.01 | 215 (42.7) | 221 (43.6) | 0.02 | ||
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 58.0 (11.1) | 60.7 (12.1) | 0.23 | 58.5 (8.8) | 58.7 (17.5) | 0.02 | ||
| eGFR, No. (%) | 0.82 | 0.02 | ||||||
| 15–29 mL/min | 779 (96.3) | 135 (66.8) | 459 (91.3) | 460 (90.7) | ||||
| < 15 mL/min, including dialysisa | 30 (3.7) | 67 (33.2) | 44 (8.7) | 48 (9.4) | ||||
| Comorbidities, No. (%) | ||||||||
| CHA2DS2-VASc score, mean (SD) | 4.5 (1.4) | 4.5 (1.7) | 0.04 | 4.5 (1.1) | 4.6 (2.3) | 0.02 | ||
| HAS-BLED score, mean (SD) | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 0.25 | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.8) | 0.02 | ||
| Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 2.7 (2.2) | 3.0 (2.1) | 0.14 | 2.8 (1.8) | 2.8 (3.5) | 0.01 | ||
| Anemia | 108 (13.4) | 36 (17.8) | 0.12 | 70 (13.9) | 58 (11.5) | 0.07 | ||
| Asthma | 53 (6.6) | 11 (5.5) | 0.05 | 32 (6.3) | 27 (5.4) | 0.04 | ||
| Cancers | 161 (19.9) | 29 (14.4) | 0.15 | 95 (19.0) | 100 (19.8) | 0.02 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 270 (33.4) | 64 (31.7) | 0.04 | 165 (32.8) | 182 (35.8) | 0.06 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 394 (48.7) | 95 (47.0) | 0.03 | 245 (48.8) | 246 (48.6) | 0.00 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 33 (4.1) | 20 (9.9) | 0.23 | 23 (4.7) | 25 (5.0) | 0.01 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 34 (4.2) | 17 (8.4) | 0.17 | 24 (4.9) | 19 (3.7) | 0.05 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder | 148 (18.3) | 36 (17.8) | 0.01 | 98 (19.5) | 80 (15.8) | 0.10 | ||
| Diabetes | 273 (33.8) | 87 (43.1) | 0.19 | 182 (36.2) | 200 (39.4) | 0.07 | ||
| Gastrointestinal ulcer | 134 (16.6) | 34 (16.8) | 0.01 | 85 (17.0) | 66 (13.0) | 0.11 | ||
| Hypertension | 629 (77.8) | 162 (80.2) | 0.06 | 396 (78.7) | 410 (80.8) | 0.05 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 215 (26.6) | 69 (34.2) | 0.17 | 144 (28.6) | 152 (30.0) | 0.03 | ||
| Liver disease | 65 (8.0) | 22 (10.9) | 0.10 | 42 (8.3) | 45 (8.9) | 0.02 | ||
| Prior bleedingb | 203 (25.1) | 44 (21.8) | 0.08 | 122 (24.3) | 112 (22.1) | 0.05 | ||
| Smoking | 0.13 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Current non-smoker | 756 (93.4) | 191 (94.5) | 474 (94.1) | 484 (95.4) | ||||
| Current smoker | 19 (2.4) | 7 (3.5) | 11 (2.2) | 9 (1.8) | ||||
| Unknown | 34 (4.2) | 4 (2.0) | 18 (3.7) | 15 (2.8) | ||||
| Thyroid Disease | 64 (7.9) | 18 (8.9) | 0.04 | 43 (8.5) | 52 (10.3) | 0.06 | ||
| Venous thromboembolism | 16 (2.0) | 3 (1.5) | 0.04 | 10 (2.1) | 18 (3.5) | 0.09 | ||
| Medication use, No. (%) | ||||||||
| Antianxiety agents | 220 (27.2) | 65 (32.2) | 0.11 | 143 (28.3) | 131 (25.7) | 0.06 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic agents | 220 (27.2) | 65 (32.2) | 0.11 | 140 (27.8) | 142 (28.1) | 0.01 | ||
| Anti-depressants | 92 (11.4) | 21 (10.4) | 0.03 | 60 (12.0) | 68 (13.4) | 0.04 | ||
| Antiplatelets | 290 (35.9) | 88 (43.6) | 0.16 | 185 (36.8) | 184 (36.3) | 0.01 | ||
| Anti-hyperlipidemics | 252 (31.2) | 78 (38.6) | 0.16 | 171 (33.9) | 195 (38.5) | 0.09 | ||
| ACEi / ARB | 464 (57.4) | 133 (65.8) | 0.18 | 297 (59.1) | 305 (60.0) | 0.02 | ||
| β-Blockers | 442 (54.6) | 116 (57.4) | 0.06 | 276 (54.8) | 284 (56.0) | 0.02 | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 546 (67.5) | 142 (70.3) | 0.06 | 336 (66.8) | 351 (69.2) | 0.05 | ||
| Diuretics | 512 (63.3) | 132 (65.4) | 0.04 | 326 (64.7) | 352 (69.3) | 0.10 | ||
| Other anti-hypertensives | 104 (12.9) | 45 (22.3) | 0.25 | 67 (13.3) | 61 (12.0) | 0.04 | ||
| Insulins | 79 (9.8) | 39 (19.3) | 0.27 | 57 (11.4) | 60 (11.8) | 0.01 | ||
| Antidiabetics | 200 (24.7) | 64 (31.7) | 0.16 | 132 (26.3) | 157 (30.9) | 0.10 | ||
| NSAIDs | 198 (24.5) | 40 (19.8) | 0.11 | 122 (24.3) | 133 (26.2) | 0.04 | ||
| Proton pump inhibitors | 140 (17.3) | 48 (23.8) | 0.16 | 93 (18.4) | 99 (19.4) | 0.03 | ||
Abbreviations: ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor antagonists; DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-Inflammatory drugs
a Three (0.6%) patients in the DOACs group and 13 (2.6%) patients in the warfarin group received hemodialysis
b Prior bleeding included gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, and other major bleeding, e.g., hematuria, epistaxis, and hemoptysiss