Fig. 4.

LEC junction thickness with VEGF-A or VEGF-C and with different flow patterns. a Quantification of LEC junction thickness with VEGF-C or VEGF-A media. Unpaired Student t-test was used with biological replicates (VEGF-A: n = 20; VEGF-C; n = 19; n represents whole vessels/devices). All comparisons showed no significance. b Quantification of LEC junction thickness between no flow, luminal flow, interstitial flow, and both flow. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD tests was used with biological replicates (No Flow: n = 10; Luminal Flow: n = 11; Interstitial Flow: n = 9; Both Flow: n = 9). All comparisons showed no significance. c Quantification of LEC junction thickness between flow patterns and VEGF-C and VEGF-A media. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD tests was used with biological replicates (n = 4–6; n represents whole vessels/devices). All comparisons showed no significance. d Representative confocal images of engineered lymphatic vessels across flow patterns with VEGF-C or VEGF-A with anti-VE-cadherin antibody staining to show LEC adherens junctions and DAPI to show LEC nucleus. a–c Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. and individual data are presented in the graphs