Fig. 6.

Hydrogel-delivered trophoblast extracellular vesicles reduce NK cell activation. A JAR EVs exhibit dose-dependent decrease of activated NK cell IFN-γ secretion comparable to TGF-β control. B Activated NK cells co-cultured with EV-delivering or blank hydrogels for 24 or 72 h exhibited reduced IFN-γ secretion. C Supernatants from EV-loaded and blank hydrogels were collected after 72 h incubation in NK media and incubated with NK cells for 24 h prior to activation. Statistical comparison performed with two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. ****P < 0.0001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05