Table 1.
Subject and lifestyle characteristics, and related biomarkers.
| Variable | Lifestyle (n = 52) (28 males, 24 females) | Control (n = 52) (27 males, 25 females) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 47.5 ± 12.2 | 51.1 ± 10.5 |
| Education (yrs) | 16.3 ± 3.4 | 15.2 ± 3.1 |
| Weight (kg) | 67.8 ± 11.8* | 101.5 ± 15.5 |
| Height (cm) | 172 ± 9.0 | 171 ± 9.5 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.5 ± 7.5* | 112.2 ± 11.5 |
| Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) (cm) | 17.5 ± 2.13* | 26.9 ± 3.4 |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 2.6* | 34.5 ± 4.0 |
| Body fat (%) | 22.6 ± 7.3* | 40.8 ± 7.2 |
| Fat mass index (fat mass kg/height m2) | 5.32 ± 1.90* | 14.2 ± 3.57 |
| VO2max (ml kg−1 min−1) | 37.7 ± 8.8* | 20.3 ± 8.4 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 5463 ± 3723* | 2319 ± 2614 |
| Leg/back strength (kg/kg body mass) | 1.62 ± 0.6* | 1.10 ± 0.5 |
| Handgrip strength (sum right, left hands) (kg/kg body mass) | 1.49 ± 0.6* | 1.01 ± 0.5 |
| Resting heart rate (RHR) (beats/min) | 61.2 ± 10.1* | 70.0 ± 10.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure (sBP) (mm Hg) | 115 ± 14.5 | 117 ± 14.5 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (dBP) (mm Hg) | 67.8 ± 10.0* | 73.0 ± 10.5 |
| Total mood disturbance (TMD) | 90.4 ± 7.1* | 94.8 ± 8.1 |
| Fruit & vegetable (servings/day) | 5.1 ± 2.0* | 2.9 ± 1.4 |
| Red meat (servings/day) | 0.45 ± 0.64* | 1.21 ± 0.72 |
| Food nutrient index (FNI) | 74.8 ± 15.8* | 60.9 ± 15.8 |
| Alcohol (grams/day) | 10.2 ± 14.1 | 11.0 ± 20.0 |
| Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/L) | 0.77 ± 0.78* | 2.61 ± 2.63 |
| Serum insulin (U/L) | 4.45 ± 2.7* | 16.6 ± 12.6 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dl) | 86.8 ± 6.7* | 99.8 ± 19.8 |
| Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | 0.97 ± 0.62* | 4.23 ± 3.31 |
| White blood cell count (109/L) | 4.8 ± 1.1* | 5.8 ± 1.5 |
| Serum cholesterol (mg/dl) | 188 ± 31.5 | 188 ± 34.1 |
| Serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (mg/dl) | 106 ± 25.9 | 111 ± 30.1 |
| Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dl) | 68.0 ± 17.5* | 52.6 ± 17.9 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 75.3 ± 30.4* | 141 ± 121 |
| Serum bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.63 ± 0.31* | 0.45 ± 0.20 |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 4.61 ± 0.24* | 4.41 ± 0.27 |
| Serum carbon dioxide (mEq/L) | 24.3 ± 1.7* | 22.7 ± 2.6 |
| Serum alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 64.5 ± 16.7* | 76.8 ± 27.3 |
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
*p < 0.001, group difference.