Fig. 3. Precision analyses focused on treatment response were mostly part of primary trial papers, tended to be post hoc, and were biased toward positive findings.

a Stacked bar graphs showing relative frequencies and percentages of papers with precision analyses that were defined as prespecified, post hoc, or included both prespecified and post hoc analyses in the manuscript text. b Stacked bar graph displaying relative frequencies and percentages of papers reporting positive findings related to associations with treatment effects. c For papers that listed sample sizes of subgroups tested for differential treatment effects (only 53% of all papers with precision analyses), the smallest sample size reported is displayed, with mean and SEM indicated. F/u follow-up; n = 9 for precision papers; n = 16 for primary trials; n = 5 for f/u papers.