. 2023 Oct 5;3:130. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00357-y

Table 1.

Primary prevention studies.

Trial acronym	Population	Intervention	Multi-center?	Blinding	Primary outcome	Follow-up duration	Positive?	Hazard ratio (95%CI) vs. control
Hummel 2011²² (BABYDIET)	150 infants with a first-degree family history of T1D and high-risk HLA genotypes	Late (12 months) vs. early (6 months) gluten exposure	No	None	Aabs	3 years (range 3.0–10.0)	No	1.3 (0.6‚3.0)
Vaarala 2012³⁰ (FINDIA)	1113 infants with high-risk HLA genotypes	• Whey-based hydrolyzed vs. cow’s milk formula	Yes	Double	Aabs	n/a	• No	• 0.82 (0.38–1.7)
		• Insulin-free whey-based vs. cow’s milk formula					• Yes	• 0.24 (0.08–0.72)
Knip 2018²³ (TRIGR)	2159 infants with a first-degree family history of T1D and high-risk HLA genotypes	Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula vs. conventional formula	Yes	Double	Time to diabetes	11.5 years (Q1–Q3, 10.2–12.8	No	1.1 (0.8 to 1.5)

T1D type 1 diabetes, HLA human leukocyte antigen, Aab autoantibody, FINDIA Finnish Dietary Intervention Trial for the Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes, n/a not applicable, TRIGR trial to reduce IDDM in the genetically at risk, Aab+ autoantibody positive.