Table 3.
Associations between the different SES parameters and difference and percent difference in PM2.5 between 2015 and 2020 in fully-adjusted models, mutually adjusted for other SES parameters.
| Difference in PM2.5 levels (μg/m3) between 2015 and 2010 | Percent difference in PM2.5 levels between 2015 and 2010 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Urban | Rural | All | Urban | Rural | |
| SC household heads | − 0.014 (− 0.039, 0.012) | − 0.005 (− 0.048, 0.038) | − 0.040* (− 0.072, − 0.009) | − 0.036 (− 0.087, 0.015) | − 0.011 (− 0.087, 0.066) | − 0.111* (− 0.176, − 0.046) |
| ST household heads | − 0.021 (− 0.066, 0.023) | 0.027 (− 0.063, 0.116) | − 0.054* (− 0.108, 0.000) | − 0.018 (− 0.107, 0.072) | 0.091 (− 0.069, 0.251) | − 0.110 (− 0.221, 0.001) |
| OBC household heads | − 0.018 (− 0.051, 0.015) | − 0.004 (− 0.062, 0.054) | − 0.042* (− 0.082, − 0.003) | − 0.056 (− 0.122, 0.009) | − 0.035 (− 0.139, 0.069) | − 0.137* (− 0.219, − 0.055) |
| Muslim household heads | 0.024* (0.013, 0.047) | 0.014 (− 0.025, 0.054) | 0.028 (− 0.001, 0.056) | 0.011 (− 0.035, 0.056) | 0.006 (− 0.064, 0.077) | − 0.010 (− 0.069, 0.048) |
| Female household heads | 0.004 (− 0.030, 0.039) | − 0.031 (− 0.091, 0.029) | 0.017 (− 0.025, 0.058) | 0.023 (− 0.046, 0.091) | − 0.088 (− 0.194, 0.019) | 0.064 (− 0.021, 0.149) |
| Poor | − 0.003 (− 0.049, 0.043) | − 0.093* (− 0.155, − 0.030) | 0.012 (− 0.041, 0.066) | 0.135* (0.044, 0.226) | − 0.146* (− 0.257, − 0.034) | 0.140* (0.029, 0.250) |
| Households BPL with ration cards | − 0.051* (− 0.086, − 0.016) | − 0.021 (− 0.084, 0.043) | − 0.029 (− 0.069, 0.010) | − 0.071* (− 0.142, − 0.001) | − 0.025 (− 0.138, 0.089) | − 0.059 (− 0.141, 0.023) |
| Households with improved sanitation | 0.016 (− 0.024, 0.056) | 0.050 (− 0.001, 0.101) | 0.001 (− 0.044, 0.046) | − 0.031 (− 0.111, 0.049) | 0.056 (− 0.035, 0.148) | − 0.005 (− 0.097, 0.088) |
| Households with Safe drinking water | − 0.010 (− 0.032, 0.013) | − 0.017 (− 0.057, 0.023) | − 0.018 (− 0.044, 0.008) | − 0.036 (− 0.080, 0.009) | − 0.050 (− 0.122, 0.021) | − 0.042 (− 0.096, 0.012) |
| Electrified households | − 0.005 (− 0.037, 0.026) | − 0.042 (− 0.093, 0.010) | − 0.001 (− 0.038, 0.036) | 0.043 (− 0.019, 0.106) | − 0.037 (− 0.129, 0.054) | 0.037 (− 0.039, 0.113) |
| Households using solid fuels | 0.022 (− 0.020, 0.064) | 0.145* (0.087, 0.204) | − 0.019 (− 0.056, 0.017) | − 0.131* (− 0.215, − 0.048) | 0.236* (0.132, 0.341) | − 0.150* (− 0.225, − 0.075) |
| Uneducated household heads | 0.018 (− 0.015, 0.050) | 0.033 (− 0.022, 0.088) | 0.012 (− 0.025, 0.048) | 0.026 (− 0.039, 0.091) | 0.027 (− 0.071, 0.125) | 0.045 (− 0.030, 0.120) |
| Household heads with college education | 0.023 (− 0.001, 0.047) | 0.058 (− 0.022, 0.088) | 0.021 (− 0.004, 0.046) | 0.039 (− 0.009, 0.086) | 0.095* (0.020, 0.170) | 0.044 (− 0.007, 0.094) |
| Mothers married Young | − 0.040 (− 0.082, 0.003) | − 0.041 (− 0.116, 0.033) | − 0.062* (− 0.112, − 0.013) | − 0.096* (− 0.181, − 0.011) | − 0.057 (− 0.190, 0.076) | − 0.179* (− 0.281, − 0.078) |
| underweight mothers | 0.023 (− 0.011, 0.058) | − 0.025 (− 0.085, 0.034) | 0.048* (0.009, 0.088) | 0.068 (− 0.001, 0.137) | − 0.091 (− 0.130, 0.083) | 0.096* (0.015, 0.177) |
We also display associations from fully-adjusted models disaggregated by urban/rural.
*(p < 0.05).