Table 4.
Clinical and laboratory manifestations of patients with probable or possible severe primaquine-associated hemolysis by clinical outcome
| Clinical or laboratory manifestation | Blood transfusion (N = 76) | Renal replacement therapy (N = 8) | Death (N = 7) | All patients (N = 101) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n (%) | N | n (%) | N | n (%) | N | n (%) | |
| Clinical manifestations | ||||||||
| Dark urine | 57 | 48 (84.2) | 5 | 5 (100) | 4 | 4 (100) | 74 | 63 (85.1) |
| Pallor | 60 | 56 (93.3) | 8 | 7 (87.5) | 2 | 2 (100) | 75 | 69 (92.0) |
| Dyspnea | 47 | 8 (17.0) | 7 | 2 (28.6) | 3 | 3 (100) | 59 | 16 (27.1) |
| Dizziness | 22 | 11 (50.0) | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 26 | 13 (50.0) |
| Fever | 58 | 37 (63.8) | 7 | 4 (57.1) | 1 | 1 (100) | 69 | 40 (57.8) |
| Severe fatigue | 21 | 15 (71.4) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 26 | 18 (69.2) |
| Heart failure | 51 | 7 (13.7) | 6 | 6 (100) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 62 | 9 (14.5) |
| Chest pain | 8 | 1 (12.5) | 8 | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 10 | 1 (10.0) |
| Jaundice | 67 | 59 (88.1) | 7 | 7 (100) | 6 | 6 (100) | 92 | 83 (90.2) |
| Low urine output | 14 | 2 (14.3) | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 18 | 2 (11.1) |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin > 3 g/dL decrease | 11 | 9 (81.8) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 14 | 12 (85.7) |
| Hemoglobin > 25% decrease | 11 | 11 (100) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 14 | 14 (100) |
| Total bilirubin > 1 mg/dL | 59 | 51 (86.4) | 7 | 5 (71.4) | 1 | 1 (100) | 75 | 66 (88.0) |
| Indirect bilirubin > 0.8 mg/dL | 59 | 51 (86.4) | 7 | 5 (71.4) | 1 | 1 (100) | 72 | 63 (87.5) |
| Urine dipstick blood, positive | 31 | 17 (54.8) | 6 | 3 (50.0) | 5 | 5 (100) | 48 | 29 (60.4) |
| Urobilinogen dipstick, positive | 30 | 5 (16.7) | 5 | 1 (20.0) | 3 | 3 (100) | 45 | 17 (37.8) |
| White blood cell count > 12,000/μL | 56 | 33 (58.9) | 7 | 4 (57.1) | 3 | 3 (100) | 70 | 40 (57.1) |
N = number of patients for whom data were available, n = number of patients with manifestation present.
Patients could present with more than one outcome. Thus, the total number of patients does not equal the summation of those who received a blood transfusion and/or renal replacement therapy, or who died.