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. 2023 Sep 21;14:1225403. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1225403

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants, NHANES 2005–2008.

Severe difficulty falling asleep
Characteristics Overall No (n = 8,243) Yes (n = 683) p value
Age(years) 46.80 ± 16.68 46.84 ± 16.73 46.34 ± 16.10 0.8798
Gender, n (%)a <0.001
Male 4,343 (48) 4,084 (49) 259 (35)
Female 4,583 (52) 4,159 (51) 424 (65)
Race/ethnicity, n (%)a 0.5
Non-hispanic white 4,448 (72) 4,092 (72) 356 (73)
Non-hispanic black 1814 (10) 1,677 (10) 137 (11)
Mexican American/other hispanic/other race 2,664 (17) 2,474 (17) 190 (16)
Education level, n (%)a <0.001
Below high school 2,552 (18) 2,288 (18) 264 (28)
High school grad/GED or equivalent 2,164 (25) 1989 (24) 175 (30)
College or AA degree 2,432 (31) 2,256 (31) 176 (31)
College graduate or above 1778 (26) 1710 (28) 68 (11)
Marriage status, n (%)a 0.017
Never married 1,380 (16) 1,279 (16) 101 (15)
Married/living with partner 5,542 (66) 5,147 (66) 395 (62)
Widowed/divorced/separated 2004 (19) 1817 (18) 187 (24)
Alcohol, n (%)a 0.4
No 2,686 (25) 2,481 (25) 205 (27)
Yes 6,240 (75) 5,762 (75) 478 (73)
Smoking history, n (%)a <0.001
No 4,650 (52) 4,393 (53) 257 (35)
Yes 4,276 (48) 3,850 (47) 426 (65)
BMI group, n (%)a 0.071
<25 2,615 (32) 2,438 (33) 177 (30)
25–30 3,063 (34) 2,859 (34) 204 (31)
≥30 3,150 (34) 2,861 (33) 289 (40)
Hypertension, n (%)a <0.001
No 5,908 (70) 5,529 (70) 379 (60)
Yes 3,018 (30) 2,714 (30) 304 (40)
Diabetes, n (%)a 0.035
No 7,886 (92) 7,310 (92) 576 (88)
Yes 1,040 (8.2) 933 (8.0) 107 (12)
Serum folic acid (ng/mL) 16.82 ± 11.63 16.92 ± 11.59 15.50 ± 12.00 0.0352

Values are means ± SD for continuous variables. p value was calculated by weighted logistic regression model for continuous variables and weighted chi-square test was performed for catagorical variables.

a

Unweighted frequency counts and weighted percentages are shown.