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. 2023 Sep 21;14:1209249. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209249

Figure 9.

Figure 9

TRAIL shifts primary human M2 macrophages into M1 by upregulating the expression of M1 markers at mRNA and protein levels. (A) Macrophages were polarized into M2a with 20 ng/ml IL-4 or M2c with 10 ng/ml IL-10 for 2 hours and then stimulated with 200 ng/ml TRAIL for 6 hours. Control group was stimulated only with IL-4 or IL-10 for 8 hours. Expression of M1 markers was analyzed by qPCR. (B) Macrophages were polarized into M2a with 20 ng/ml IL-4 or M2c with 10 ng/ml IL-10 for 6 hours and then stimulated with 200 ng/ml TRAIL for 18 hours. Control groups were left unstimulated or stimulated only with IL-4 or IL-10 for 24 hours. Expression of M1 markers was analyzed by flow cytometry and representative plots are included. Data shown are mean ± SEM or median with interquartile range pooled from three or more independent experiments [(A) n=6-11, (B) n=7-9]. Statistical analyses were performed with a two-tailed paired Student’s t-test, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test, One-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons post-hoc test, or Friedman with Dunn’s multiple comparisons post-hoc test between untreated and M2 macrophages, M2 and TRAIL-treated M2 macrophages, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.