Table 2.

Prospective studies on lifestyle change for symptomatic GERD

Author	Study design	Subject	Intervention	Follow-up duration	Outcome
Ness-Jensen etal. (2013) [46]	Cohort study	29,610 GERD patients	–	–	Weight loss was dose-dependently associated with a reduction in GERD symptoms
Singh etal. (2013) [47]	Non-RCT	332 overweight/obese subjects	Weight loss program	6 months	Weight loss led to a decrease in waist circumference, body mass index, and GERD symptom scores
Ness-Jensen etal. (2013) [50]	Cohort study	29,610 GERD patients	–	–	Tobacco cessation was associated with improvement in symptoms
Kohata etal. (2016) [51]	Non-RCT	191 subjects	Smoking cessation	1 year	A reduction in the prevalence of GERD* and overall improvement of symptoms was observed
Khan etal. (2012) [53]	Non-RCT	24 patients with nocturnalreflux	Sleeping with head elevated by 20 cm	7 days	Supine reflux time*** and symptom scores decreased**
Person etal. (2015) [55]	Crossover RCT	20 healthy volunteers	Lying right-side down vs lying left-side down vs lying on a wedge vs lying flat	4 nights	Lying left-side down led to the lowestacid exposure
Schuitenmaker etal. (2022) [56]	RCT	100 patients with nocturnalGERD	Sleeping left-side down (n = 50) vs sham-controlled(n = 50)	2 weeks	Lying left-side down reduced nocturnalreflux symptoms
Mehta etal. (2021) [43]	Cohort study	42,955 women	–	392,215 person-years	Adherence to moderate-to-vigorousactivity was associated with a decreased risk of GERD

GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; RCT, randomized–controlled trial.

^* P < 0.05;

^** P ≤ 0.01;

^*** P ≤ 0.001.