Table 1.
The baseline characteristics and demographic characteristics of the study population (N = 2,884).
| Variables | Total (n = 2,884) | Helicobacter pylori seronegative (n = 1,603) | Helicobacter pylori seropositivity (n = 1,281) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | 0.144 | |||
| Male | 1,379 (47.8) | 747 (46.6) | 632 (49.3) | |
| Female | 1,505 (52.2) | 856 (53.4) | 649 (50.7) | |
| Age, Mean ± SD | 49.5 ± 18.6 | 46.9 ± 18.7 | 52.8 ± 17.9 | <0.001 |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Below high school | 1,048 (36.3) | 343 (21.4) | 705 (55) | |
| High school | 650 (22.5) | 403 (25.1) | 247 (19.3) | |
| Above high school | 1,186 (41.1) | 857 (53.5) | 329 (25.7) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.158 | |||
| Living alone | 1,063 (36.9) | 609 (38) | 454 (35.4) | |
| Married or living with a partner | 1821 (63.1) | 994 (62) | 827 (64.6) | |
| Poverty-income ratio, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| <1.3 | 865 (30.0) | 352 (22) | 513 (40) | |
| ≥1.3 | 2019 (70.0) | 1,251 (78) | 768 (60) | |
| Body mass index, n (%) | 0.006 | |||
| <25 | 899 (31.2) | 539 (33.6) | 360 (28.1) | |
| 25–30 | 1,033 (35.8) | 552 (34.4) | 481 (37.5) | |
| >30 | 952 (33.0) | 512 (31.9) | 440 (34.3) | |
| Smoke status, n (%) | 0.028 | |||
| Yes | 1,377 (47.7) | 736 (45.9) | 641 (50) | |
| No | 1,507 (52.3) | 867 (54.1) | 640 (50) | |
| Alcohol status, n (%) | 0.008 | |||
| Yes | 1950 (67.6) | 1,117 (69.7) | 833 (65) | |
| No | 934 (32.4) | 486 (30.3) | 448 (35) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 262 (9.1) | 103 (6.4) | 159 (12.4) | |
| No | 2,622 (90.9) | 1,500 (93.6) | 1,122 (87.6) | |
| Serum indicators | ||||
| Albumin, Mean ± SD | 44.2 ± 3.4 | 44.3 ± 3.6 | 44.0 ± 3.2 | 0.007 |
| Total cholesterol, Mean ± SD | 198.9 ± 39.7 | 198.1 ± 39.3 | 199.9 ± 40.1 | 0.225 |
| Creatinine, Mean ± SD | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.639 |
| CRP, Mean ± SD | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.373 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Heartfailure, n (%) | 0.017 | |||
| Yes | 76 (2.6) | 32 (2) | 44 (3.4) | |
| No | 2,808 (97.4) | 1,571 (98) | 1,237 (96.6) | |
| Coronary disease n (%) | 0.611 | |||
| Yes | 109 (3.8) | 58 (3.6) | 51 (4) | |
| No | 2,775 (96.2) | 1,545 (96.4) | 1,230 (96) | |
| Angina, n (%) | 0.059 | |||
| Yes | 111 (3.8) | 52 (3.2) | 59 (4.6) | |
| No | 2,773 (96.2) | 1,551 (96.8) | 1,222 (95.4) | |
| Heart attack, n (%) | 0.057 | |||
| Yes | 115 (4.0) | 54 (3.4) | 61 (4.8) | |
| No | 2,769 (96.0) | 1,549 (96.6) | 1,220 (95.2) | |
| Dietary intake | ||||
| ZINC, Mean ± SD | 11.1 ± 7.6 | 11.6 ± 7.9 | 10.4 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 |
%, weighted proportion; Hp, Helicobacter pylori; CRP, C-reactive protein. Cardiovascular disease (heartfailure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack, and stroke). p values of multiple comparisons were corrected by the False Discovery Rate method.