Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of All Enrolled Participants (Intention-to-Treat).
| Variable or outcome | Participants, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 1017) | Control (n = 515) | Intervention (n = 502) | |
| Age, y | |||
| Mean (SD) | 30.9 (4.0) | 31.0 (4.1) | 30.8 (3.9) |
| Median (range) | 30.0 (24.0-56.0) | 30.0 (24.0-56.0) | 30.0 (24.0-54.0) |
| Postgraduate year | |||
| 1 | 207(20.7) | 98 (19.3) | 109 (22.2) |
| 2 | 198 (19.8) | 97(19.1) | 101 (20.5) |
| ≥3 | 595 (59.5) | 313 (61.6) | 282 (57.3) |
| Training specialty | |||
| Nonsurgical | 813 (81.4) | 417 (82.1) | 396 (80.7) |
| Surgical, No./total No. (%) | 186/999 (18.6) | 91/508 (17.9) | 95/491 (19.3) |
| Gender identity | |||
| Woman | 959 (94.3) | 485 (94.2) | 474 (94.4) |
| Man, nonbinary, other, or prefer not to say | 58 (0.2) | 29 (0.1) | 28 (0.1) |
| Transgender | |||
| No | 938 (97.4) | 476 (97.5) | 462 (97.3) |
| Yes | 24 (2.5) | 11 (2.3) | 13 (2.7) |
| Prefer not to say | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 |
| Racial and ethnic identity | |||
| Asian | 229 (22.5) | 110 (21.4) | 119 (23.7) |
| Black | 52 (5.1) | 22 (4.3) | 30 (6.0) |
| Latinx | 83 (8.2) | 41 (8.0) | 42 (8.4) |
| Multiracial | 35 (3.4) | 20 (3.9) | 15 (3.0) |
| Native American | 2 (0.2) | 0 | 2 (0.4) |
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 2 (0.2) | 0 | 2 (0.4) |
| White | 540 (53.1) | 285 (55.3) | 255 (50.8) |
| Othera | 157 (15.4) | 78 (15.1) | 79 (15.7) |
| Sexual orientation, No./total No. (%) | |||
| Heterosexual | 843/958 (88.0) | 433/487 (88.9) | 410/471 (87.0) |
| Homosexual | 21/958 (2.2) | 11/487 (2.) | 10/471 (2.1) |
| Bisexual | 68/958 (7.1) | 33/487 (6.8) | 35/471 (7.4) |
| Other | 6/958 (0.6) | 4/487 (0.8) | 2/471 (0.4) |
| Prefer not to say | 20/958 (2.1) | 6/487 (1.2) | 14/471 (3.0) |
| Distress outcome | |||
| Burnout | |||
| MBI personal achievement subscale | |||
| Completed subscale, No. overall/No. observed (% not missing) | 812 (79.8) | 405(78.6) | 407 (81.1) |
| Score, mean (SD) | 33.3 (7.3) | 33.5 (7.2) | 33.1 (7.3) |
| Score, Median (IQR) | 34.0 (29.0-38.0) | 34.0 (29.0-38.0) | 34.0 (28.0-38.0) |
| Score, Range | 8.0-48.0 | 11.0-48.0 | 8.0-47.0 |
| MBI emotional exhaustion subscale | |||
| Completed subscale, No. overall/No. observed (% not missing) | 788 (77.5) | 394 (76.5) | 394 (78.5) |
| Score, mean (SD) | 30.6 (10.8) | 30.5 (11.0) | 30.6 (10.5) |
| Score, median (IQR) | 31.0 (23.0-38.0) | 32.0 (23.0-39.0) | 31.0 (23.0-38.0) |
| Score, range | 8.0-48.0 | 11.0-48.0 | 8.0-47.0 |
| MBI depersonalization subscale | |||
| Completed subscale, No. overall/No. observed (% not missing) | 810 (79.6) | 405 (78.6) | 405 (80.7) |
| Score, mean (SD) | 11.8 (6.4) | 11.8 (6.6) | 11.9 (6.3) |
| Score, median (IQR) | 12.0 (7.0-17.0) | 12.0 (6.0-17.0) | 11.0 (7.0-16.0) |
| Score, range | 0.0-29.0 | 0.0-29.0 | 0.0-28.0 |
| Met definition for positive burnout, No. overall/No. observed (% not missing) | |||
| No | 211/781 (27.0) | 108/391 (27.6) | 103/390 (26.4) |
| Yes | 570/781 (73.0) | 283/391 (72.4) | 287/390 (73.6) |
| Impostor syndrome | |||
| Completed YIS, No. overall/No. observed (% not missing) | 784/1017 (77.1) | 388/515 (75.3) | 396/502 (78.9) |
| YIS score, mean (SD) | 5.8 (2.0) | 5.8 (1.9) | 5.9 (2.0) |
| YIS score, median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.0-7.2) | 6.0 (5.0-7.0) | 6.0 (5.0-8.0) |
| YIS score, range | 0.0-8.0 | 0.0-8.0 | 0.0-8.0 |
| YIS ≥5 | |||
| No | 186/784 (23.7) | 91/388 (23.5) | 95/396 (24.0) |
| Yes | 598/784 (76.3) | 297/388 (76.5) | 301/396 (76.0) |
| Moral injury | |||
| Completed MISS-HP | 787(77.4) | 393 (76.3) | 394 (78.5) |
| MISS-HP score, mean (SD) | 45.9 (13.7) | 46.6 (13.8) | 45.2 (13.6) |
| MISS-HP score, median (IQR) | 47.0 (36.0-55.0) | 47.0 (37.0-56.0) | 45.5 (35.0-54.0) |
| MISS-HP score, range | 12.0-95.0 | 12.0-95.0 | 15.0-89.0 |
| Well-being outcome | |||
| Self-compassion | |||
| Completed SCS-SF, No. overall/No. observed (% not missing) | 788 (77.5) | 391 (75.9) | 397 (79.1) |
| SCS-SF score, mean (SD) | 31.6 (7.3) | 31.7 (7.4) | 31.4 (7.2) |
| SCS-SF score, median (IQR) | 31.0 (27.0-36.0) | 31.0 (27.0-36.0) | 31.0 (26.0-37.0) |
| SCS-SF score, range | 12.0-60.0 | 12.0-60.0 | 14.0-55.0 |
| Flourishing | |||
| Completed SFI, No. overall/No. observed (% not missing) | 737 (72.5) | 366(71.1) | 371 (73.9) |
| SFI score, mean (SD) | 6.2 (1.3) | 6.2 (1.3) | 6.2 (1.3) |
| SFI score, median (IQR) | 6.2 (5.2-7.2) | 6.2 (5.2-7.1) | 6.2 (5.2-7.2) |
| SFI score, range | 2.6-9.5 | 3.0-9.5 | 2.6-9.5 |
Abbreviations: MBI, Maslach Burnout Inventory; MISS-HP, Moral Injury Symptom Scale-Healthcare Professionals; SCS-SF, Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form; SFI, Secure Flourish Index; YIS, Young Imposter Syndrome scale.
a
Other race and ethnicity was defined as unknown or any other race or ethnicity not otherwise specified.