| Cardio-protective |
Pomegranate extract capsule |
Human intervention
study (in vivo) |
Walnuts (30 g/day) |
Urolithin metabotype
A showed positive correlation with ApoA-I. Urolithin metabotype A
phenotype protects against CVDs compared to urolithin metabotype phenotype
B. |
(32) |
| Pomegranate extract capsule
(450 mg/day) |
| Mixed nuts (30 g/day) |
| Hydroethanolic PPE extract |
Apoe–/– mice (in vivo) |
200 mg/kg |
Improved metabolic profile
(decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma insulin, blood
glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance). Reduction of proinflammatory
cytokines and plaque necrosis. |
(33) |
| Pomegranate peel polyphenols |
Human hepatic L-02 cells
(in vitro) |
10, 20, and 40 μg/mL
(pomegranate peel polyphenols, punicalagin, pomegranate ellagic acid) |
Decreased total cholesterol
and increased total bile acid content. Up-regulation of PPARγ,
ABCA1, and CYP7A1 mRNA expression. |
(34) |
| PPE |
Wistar albino rats (in vivo) |
50 or 100 mg/kg body weight (PPE), 1 mg/kg body weight (ellagic acid), and 7 mg/kg body weight (punicalagin) |
Reduced TC, TAG, LDL cholesterol,
VLDL cholesterol, atherogenic index of plasma, atherogenic coefficient.
Improved activity of GR, SOD, CAT, and GSH. Elevated serum PON1 activity. |
(35) |
| Anticancer |
Pomegranate peel polyphenols |
Human hepatoma cells HepG2
(in vitro) |
50 and 100 μM (punicalagin
and ellagic acid) |
Reduced the HepG2 cells
survival rate. Punicalagin and ellagic acid arrested the cells in
the S phase and G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle resulting in apoptosis.
Increased caspase 3/9 activity and
apoptosis related genes. |
(37) |
| PPE |
MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (in vitro) |
Punicalagin concentration
(0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μM) |
Punicalagin (>50 μM)
inhibited viability, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7
cells. A substantial decrease in the expression of GOLPH3, MMP-9,
MMP2, and N-cadherin and an increase in the expression of E-cadherin
were observed. |
(38) |
| PPE |
DU145, PC3, TRAMP-C1 cell lines (in vitro) |
0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and
200 μg/mL |
PPE
suppressed growth on
prostate cancer cells, increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax,
and decreased expression of antiapoptotic Bcl2. Up-regulation of MMP2/9 expression and mitochondrial mediated apoptosis
in TRAMP-C1. |
(39) |
| PPE |
BCPAP and TPC-1 cell lines
(in vitro) |
0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200
μg/mL |
PPE considerably
reduced
proliferation in cell lines, thus exhibiting cytotoxic and cytostatic
activity. Concentration-dependent apoptosis was induced in cancer
cell lines. PPE reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby
inducing apoptosis. |
(40) |
| PPE |
Female BALB/c nude mice
(in vivo) |
125 mg/kg and 62.5 mg/kg body weight |
Tumor growth was inhibited
by preventing metastasis, promoting apoptosis, and reducing the proliferation
of cells. |
|
| Antimicrobial |
Pomegranate peel polyphenols |
Ralstonia solanacearum model strain GMI1000 (in vitro) |
0, 5, 10, and 15 μg/mL |
Growth curve was steady
in treated cultures. Cell wall and cell membrane were detached. Bacterial
motility was reduced. Attachment of punicalagin with functional domains
of PhcA resulted in disarranged network eventually leading to bacterial
damage. |
(48) |
| PPE |
Wistar rats (in
vivo) |
125,
250, and 500 mg/kg/d BW |
Decreased the growth of Candida albicans. Compared to nystatin, pomegranate peel
exhibited 100% efficacy at all doses. Preserved the natural structure
of epithelium, muscular core, and lamina propria in tongue. |
(49) |
| PPE |
Swiss albino mice (in vivo) |
100 μL (300 mg/kg) |
ELISA revealed a gradual
reduction in Giardia antigen in the feces of mice
treated with PPE. A decrease in the cyst formation with a simultaneous
increase in cure rate was observed in the experimental group. |
(50) |
| Wound
healing |
Pomegranate
pele extract |
Rats
(in vivo) |
5 g PPE/100 g gel |
Increase in collagen content,
hydroxyproline levels, wound contraction, expression of EGF, VEGF,
and TGF- β1, epithelialization, and granulation was observed
in the treatment group. |
(53) |
| Anti-inflammatory |
Ethanolic PPE |
Swiss Webster mice (in vivo) |
240 and 480 mg/kg/d (Doses-1 and
Doses-2, respectively) |
Reduction in COX-2 and iNOS
expression via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway was reported. |
(58) |
| |
Pomegranate
peel polyphenols |
RAW264.7 macrophage
(in vitro) |
1, 10, 100 μg/mL (pomegranate
peel polyphenols) |
Test polyphenols
down-regulated LPS induced NO and PGE2 generation. Decreased pro-inflammatory
cytokines and inhibited MAPKs pathway. |
(59) |
| |
1, 10, 50 μM (punicalagin
and ellagic acid) |
