Table 3.
Characteristics of women participating in the baseline examinations of the Face-it trial compared with non-participants of the Face-it trial and the general populations of women with GDM delivering in Denmark
| Women attending baseline examinations in the Face-it trial | Women who declined to participate or withdrew before baseline in the Face-it trial | Women with GDM delivering in Denmark: 2019–2021* | Women with GDM delivering in Denmark: 2004–2015† | ||||
| n=285 | n=314 | P value | n=10 725 | P value | n=18 795 | P value | |
| Born outside of Denmark, n (%) | 61 (21.6) | – | – | 4328 (23.0) | 0.550 | ||
| Missing | 2 | ||||||
| Age (years at delivery), n (%) | |||||||
| <30 | 89 (31.4) | 95 (31.5) | 0.788 | 3490 (32.5) | 0.793 | – | |
| 30–34 | 103 (37.3) | 116 (38.4) | 4015 (37.4) | ||||
| 35–39 | 69 (22.5) | 63 (20.9) | 2440 (22.8) | ||||
| 40+ | 24 (8.9) | 28 (9.3) | 780 (7.3) |
||||
| Missing | 12 | ||||||
| Age (years at delivery), mean (±SD) | 32.4 (±4.8) | 32.2 (±4.8) | 0.479 | – | 32.0 (±5.1) | 0.164 | |
| Missing | 12 | ||||||
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | |||||||
| ≤24.9 | 105 (37.2) | 105 (35.0) | 0.017 | 3325 (32.6) | 0.005 | 5306 (30.4) | <0.001 |
| 25–29.9 | 102 (36.2) | 84 (28.0) | 3195 (31.4) | 5336 (30.5) | |||
| ≥30 | 75 (26.6) | 111 (37.0) | 3670 (36.0) | 6839 (39.1) | |||
| Missing | 3 | 14 | 535 | 1314 | |||
| Primiparous women, n (%) | 159 (55.8) | 124 (41.1) | <0.001 | 4735 (44.2) | <0.001 | 7518 (40.6) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 12 | 268 | |||||
| Diagnosis during pregnancy, n (%) | |||||||
| Pre-eclampsia | 14 (4.9) | 16 (5.1) | 0.918 | – | 939 (5.0) | 0.841 | |
| Gestational hypertension | 15 (5.3) | 14 (4.5) | 0.648 | – | |||
| Singleton delivery, n (%) | 282 (98.9) | 289 (95.7) | 0.013 | 10 150 (94.6) | <0.001 | – | |
| Missing | 12 | ||||||
| Preterm delivery, n (%) | 11 (3.9) | 16 (5.3) | 0.403 | 990 (9.2) | <0.001 | 1413 (7.5) | 0.002 |
| Missing | 12 | 15 | |||||
| Mode of delivery, n (%) | |||||||
| Vaginal delivery | 211 (74.0) | 224 (74.2) | 0.734 | 7595 (70.9) | 0.412 | 13 027 (69.5) | 0.231 |
| Planned cesarean section | 36 (12.6) | 33 (10.9) | 1385 (12.9) | 2624 (14.0) | |||
| Emergency cesarean section | 38 (13.3) | 45 (14.9) | 1730 (16.2) | 3095 (16.5) | |||
| Missing | 12 | 15 | 49 | ||||
| Gestational weeks at GDM diagnosis (weeks), mean (±SD) | 27.4 (±5.4) | 26.9 (±5.1) | 0.243 | – | – | ||
| Missing | 5 | 12 | |||||
| Latest measured HbA1c during pregnancy (mmol/mol), mean (±SD) | 35.5 (±4.5) | 35.7 (±5.3) | 0.621 | – | – | ||
| Missing | 2 | 16 | |||||
| Insulin treatment during pregnancy, n (%) | 66 (23.2) | 75 (24.8) | 0.634 | – | – | ||
| Missing | 12 | ||||||
Data not available are marked with “–“. Risk differences, Student’s t-test, and χ2 test were used to compare the characteristics of the Face-it population with the remaining study populations, respectively.
*Danish Medical Birth Registry.22
†Kragelund Nielsen et al.32
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.