Table 1.

Summary of interventions

Author(s)	Year	Country	Intervention	Content delivery	Setting	Core curriculum topics	Participants(s)
Barajas37	2021	United States	10 min online PowerPoint presentation and YouTube video	Online module(s)	Online	Cultural knowledge, spirituality and beliefs; professional practice issues; interpersonal communication skills	Emergency department healthcare providers and staff (n=6)
Barnabe et al 38	2021	Canada	Phase I: half-day workshop and phase II: full day workshop (6 months later)	Online module(s); interactive group discussions, reflections and experiential exercises	Clinical	Determinants of Indigenous health; oppressive and racist policies, colonisation and white racial privilege; specific health focus	Rheumatologists (n=34)
Brewer et al 39	2020	New Zealand	2 self-paced online modules	Online module(s); self-learning tools; personal reflections	Online	Family structures, kinship and responsibilities; cultural knowledge, spirituality and beliefs; past policies and practices; determinants of Indigenous health; health disparities; professional practice issues; oppressive and racist policies, colonisation and white racial privilege; interpersonal communication skills; specific health focus	Speech Language Therapists (n=11)
Chapman et al 40	2014	Australia	3×2 hours workshops over 6 weeks	Didactic lecture; interactive group discussions, reflections and experiential exercises; personal reflections	Clinical	Cultural knowledge and ideology	Emergency Department: nursing, clinical and allied health staff (n=48)
Crowshoe et al 41	2018	Canada	Full day (8 hours) workshop	Interactive group discussions, reflections and experiential exercises	Clinical	Determinants of Indigenous health; professional practice issues; oppressive and racist policies, colonisation and white racial privilege; interpersonal communication skills	Family physicians and allied health professionals (n=32)
Hinton et al 44	2014	Australia	3 full-day workshops over 2 months	Didactic lecture; interactive group discussions, reflections and experiential exercises; self-learning tools	Clinical	Specific health focus	Clinical and Allied Health Staff (n=21)
Hulko et al 45	2021	Canada	8–10 hours of online training over 8–10 weeks, and a full day Storytelling Session and Talking Circle with an Elder	Online module(s); story telling and talking circles; knowledge quiz; personal reflections	Online and classroom	Indigenous diversity; family structures, kinship and responsibilities; cultural knowledge, spirituality, and beliefs; past policies and practices; determinants of Indigenous health; health disparities; professional practice issues; oppressive and racist policies, colonisation and white racial privilege; specific health focus	Nurses (n=38)
Kerrigan et al 46	2020	Australia	Full day (7 hours) workshop	Didactic lecture; interactive group discussions, reflections and experiential exercises	Clinical	Cultural knowledge, spirituality and beliefs; past policies and practices; professional practice issues; oppressive and racist policies, colonisation and white racial privilege; interpersonal communication skills	Hospital staff (n=621)
Kerrigan et al 47	2022	Australia	7×18–20 min podcasts (1/week)	Online podcasts; diary entries	Online	Counterstories; interpersonal communication skills; social justice	Physicians (n=16)
Liaw et al 48	2015	Australia	Half day workshop, case study toolkit and cultural mentors	Workshop; cultural mentor; self-learning tools	Clinical	Interpersonal communication skills; cultural respect	Clinical practice - solo physician/groups (n=10)
Liaw and Wade49	2019	Australia	Half day workshop, case study toolkit and cultural mentor	Workshop; cultural mentor; self-learning tools	Clinical	Interpersonal communication skills; cultural respect	General practice clinics (n=56); general practitioner physicians (n=334); practice managers (n=56); practice nurses (n=93)
Sauvé et al 51	2022	Canada	Half-day in-person simulation workshop	Simulation training	Clinical	Determinants of Indigenous health; professional practice issues; oppressive and racist policies, colonisation and white racial privilege	Physicians (family medicine residents) (n=29)
Wheeler et al 52	2021	Australia	1.5-hour online module and a full day in-person workshop (2–3 weeks later)	Online module(s); interactive group discussions, reflections and experiential exercises; personal reflections	Online and classroom	Health disparities; professional practice issues; interpersonal communication skills	Pharmacists (n=39)