Table 2.
Associations of measures of general adiposity and abdominal adiposity with pre-diabetes prevalence defined according to HbA1c in the total study sample and stratified by sex
| Total sample | Males | Females | ||||
| Pre-diabetes, % (n/total) |
aPR* (95% CI) | Pre-diabetes, % (n/total) |
aPR† (95% CI) | Pre-diabetes, % (n/total) |
aPR† (95% CI) | |
| Body mass index | ||||||
| Normal† | 19.5 (42/215) | 1.00 (ref) | 20.4 (19/93) | 1.00 (ref) | 18.9 (23/122) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Overweight | 32.0 (158/494) | 1.33 (0.99, 1.78) | 36.7 (94/256) | 1.57 (1.02, 2.42) | 26.9 (64/238) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.66) |
| Obese | 41.5 (152/366) | 1.59 (1.19, 2.12) | 42.4 (73/172) | 1.75 (1.13, 2.70) | 40.7 (79/194) | 1.45 (0.99, 2.14) |
| Ptrend | – | 0.019 | – | 0.033 | – | 0.042 |
| Waist:hip ratio | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 23.5 (65/277) | 1.00 (ref) | 25.4 (34/134) | 1.00 (ref) | 21.7 (31/143) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quartile 2 | 27.5 (76/276) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 29.9 (41/137) | 0.99 (0.68, 1.45) | 25.2 (35/139) | 0.92 (0.62, 1.36) |
| Quartile 3 | 37.8 (101/267) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 42.0 (55/131) | 1.31 (0.91, 1.87) | 33.8 (46/136) | 1.09 (0.76, 1.58) |
| Quartile 4 | 43.5 (110/253) | 1.25 (0.96, 1.61) | 47.5 (56/118) | 1.24 (0.85, 1.80) | 40.0 (54/135) | 1.24 (0.87, 1.77) |
| Ptrend | – | 0.021 | – | 0.098 | – | 0.087 |
| Total body fat mass | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 19.4 (54/279) | 1.00 (ref) | 20.2 (27/134) | 1.00 (ref) | 18.6 (27/145) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quartile 2 | 23.1 (93/281) | 1.36 (1.02, 1.81) | 39.0 (53/136) | 1.59 (1.07, 2.36) | 27.6 (40/145) | 1.13 (0.75, 1.72) |
| Quartile 3 | 38.6 (103/267) | 1.60 (1.22, 2.11) | 39.7 (52/131) | 1.64 (1.11, 2.43) | 37.5 (51/136) | 1.57 (1.07, 2.29) |
| Quartile 4 | 41.1 (102/248) | 1.58 (1.20, 2.07) | 45.0 (54/120) | 1.82 (1.23, 2.69) | 37.5 (48/128) | 1.35 (0.92, 1.98) |
| Ptrend | – | <0.001 | – | 0.003 | – | 0.042 |
| Android fat | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 18.8 (53/282) | 1.00 (ref) | 21.3 (29/136) | 1.00 (ref) | 16.4 (24/146) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quartile 2 | 30.2 (83/275) | 1.29 (0.96, 1.73) | 35.3 (47/133) | 1.35 (0.91, 1.99) | 25.4 (36/142) | 1.22 (0.78, 1.90) |
| Quartile 3 | 38.8 (106/273) | 1.55 (1.17, 2.05) | 41.0 (55/134) | 1.45 (0.99, 2.14) | 36.7 (51/139) | 1.67 (1.11, 2.51) |
| Quartile 4 | 44.9 (110/245) | 1.67 (1.27, 2.20) | 46.6 (55/118) | 1.67 (1.13, 2.41) | 43.3 (55/127) | 1.69 (1.13, 2.53) |
| Ptrend | – | <0.001 | – | 0.008 | – | 0.002 |
| Gynoid fat | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 24.3 (66/272) | 1.00 (ref) | 25.2 (33/131) | 1.00 (ref) | 23.4 (33/141) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quartile 2 | 35.5 (99/279) | 1.37 (1.07, 1.76) | 38.2 (52/136) | 1.46 (1.03, 2.07) | 32.9 (47/143) | 1.28 (0.90, 1.83) |
| Quartile 3 | 31.2 (83/266) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.53) | 34.9 (45/129) | 1.36 (0.94, 1.96) | 27.7 (38/137) | 0.99 (0.68, 1.46) |
| Quartile 4 | 40.3 (104/258) | 1.48 (1.16, 1.89) | 44.8 (56/125) | 1.71 (1.22, 2.41) | 36.1 (48/133) | 1.27 (0.90, 1.78) |
| Ptrend | – | 0.008 | – | 0.004 | – | 0.425 |
| Android-to-gynoid fat ratio | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 18.4 (51/277) | 1.00 (ref) | 20.2 (27/134) | 1.00 (ref) | 16.8 (24/143) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quartile 2 | 28.5 (80/281) | 1.26 (0.93, 1.70) | 33.8 (47/139) | 1.39 (0.93, 2.09) | 23.2 (33/142) | 1.10 (0.70, 1.74) |
| Quartile 3 | 36.5 (99/271) | 1.45 (1.08, 1.95) | 41.5 (54/130) | 1.53 (1.02, 2.30) | 31.9 (45/141) | 1.36 (0.88, 2.08) |
| Quartile 4 | 49.6 (122/246) | 1.70 (1.27, 2.28) | 49.2 (58/118) | 1.60 (1.06, 2.41) | 50.0 (64/128) | 1.79 (1.19, 2.70) |
| Ptrend | – | <0.001 | – | 0.025 | – | 0.001 |
| Visceral adipose tissue | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 15.8 (44/279) | 1.00 (ref) | 16.9 (23/136) | 1.00 (ref) | 14.7 (21/143) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quartile 2 | 24.7 (69/279) | 1.23 (0.87, 1.73) | 28.4 (38/134) | 1.41 (0.89, 2.24) | 21.4 (31/145) | 1.05 (0.64, 1.74) |
| Quartile 3 | 41.6 (114/274) | 1.83 (1.33, 2.51) | 44.5 (61/137) | 1.98 (1.27, 3.08) | 38.7 (53/137) | 1.68 (1.07, 2.63) |
| Quartile 4 | 51.4 (125/243) | 2.05 (1.49, 2.82) | 56.1 (64/114) | 2.29 (1.46, 3.59) | 47.3 (61/129) | 1.81 (1.15, 2.84) |
| Ptrend | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 |
*Adjusted for age and sex.
†Adjusted for age.
aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.