| Participants |
Baseline characteristics
CBT (PE)
Participants (at randomisation): 17 Gender: 100% female participants Age, M: 36 years Ethnicity: 12% African American, 12% Hispanic, 41% white non‐Hispanic, 35% missing information Disability: 71% (This was reported with those who were unemployed and unable to work or find work.) Time since trauma: not given Income: not given Education (% high school, college or apprentice, university or years of education): 59% college or higher Employment (% employed, unemployed, other): 12% employed Sexual violence in adulthood: 47% Comorbid conditions: not given Baseline PTSD, M (SD): 66.2 (12.9) Partnered: 6% Randomised (N): 17 Completed post‐treatment assessment (N): 10 Dropped out or removed prior to analysis (N): 7 Numbers analysed at final applicable time point (N): 10 Number of sessions, M: 5.2 Treatment completion: 10 (59%)
Integrative therapy (holographic reprocessing)
Participants (at randomisation): 17 Gender: 100% female participants Age, M: 45 years Ethnicity: 24% African American, 6% Hispanic, 41% white non‐Hispanic, 29% missing information Disability: 47% (This was reported with those who were unemployed and unable to work or find work.) Time since trauma: not given Income: not given Education (% high school, college or apprentice, university or years of education): 42% college or higher Employment (% employed; unemployed, other): 24% employed Sexual violence in adulthood: 71% Comorbid conditions: not given Baseline PTSD, M (SD): 54.31 (13.6) Partnered: 24% Randomised (N): 17 Completed post‐treatment assessment (N): 16 Dropped out or removed prior to analysis (N): 1 Numbers analysed at final applicable time point (N): 16 Number of sessions, M: 10 Treatment completion: 16 (94%)
Humanist (person‐centred therapy)
Participants (select at randomisation if available): 17 Gender: 100% female participants Age, M: 42 years Ethnicity: 24% African American, 17% Hispanic, 47% white non‐Hispanic, 12% missing information Disability: 41% (This was reported with those who were unemployed and unable to work or find work.) Time since trauma: not given Income: not given Education (% high school, college or apprentice, university or years of education): 54% college or higher Employment (% employed, unemployed, other): 24% employed Sexual violence in adulthood: 41% Comorbid conditions: not given Baseline PTSD, M (SD): 51.6 (17.8) Partnered: 29% Randomised (N): 17 Completed post‐treatment assessment (N): 11 Dropped out or removed prior to analysis (N): 6 Numbers analysed at final applicable time point (N): 11 Number of sessions: not given Treatment completion: 11 (65%)
Overall
Participants (at randomisation): 51 Gender: 100% female participants Age, M (SD): 42 years (12.34 years) Ethnicity: 20% African American, 12% Hispanic; 43% white non‐Hispanic, 25% missing information Disability: 53% (This was reported with those who were unemployed and unable to work or find work.) Time since trauma: not given Income: not given Education (% high school, college or apprentice, university or years of education): 48% college or higher Employment (% employed, unemployed, other): 20% employed Sexual violence in adulthood: 53% sexual violence in adulthood, 86% MST, 71% domestic abuse, 80% child sexual abuse Comorbid conditions: not given Baseline PTSD: not given Partnered: 20% Approached (N): 53 Ineligible (N): 2 Declined (N): 0 Other (N): 0 Randomised (N): 51 Completed post‐treatment assessment (N): 37 Dropped out or removed prior to analysis (N): 14 Numbers analysed at final applicable time point (N): 37 Number of sessions: not given Treatment completion: 37 (73%)
Inclusion criteria: history of sexual trauma (e.g. childhood, adult or military sexual assault; molestation; or domestic violence)
Exclusion criteria
Suicidal attempts or hospitalisations in the last 6 months prior to treatment Psychotic symptoms or suffering from a psychotic‐related disorder Actively using alcohol or drugs for at least 3 months prior to the study Strong tendency to dissociate to the point that it could interfere with ability to participate in this study
Pretreatment: none reported |
| Interventions |
Intervention characteristics
CBT (PE)
Planned number of intervention sessions: 10 Mode of delivery (face‐to‐face, online, video, telephone, blend, with explanation): face‐to‐face Format (group, individual, blend): individual Therapist qualifications and training appropriate (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes, trainees were given weekly individual supervision by the licenced psychologist. Research allegiance or conflict of interest (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): no Treatment fidelity (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes, as a post hoc fidelity test, 2 chart notes were randomly printed for each participant in the study. Two raters (certified research assistants) sorted the notes into the 3 groups following the guidelines of a brief written description of each of the 3 therapies. Both sorted the notes with 100% accuracy. Based on supervision and documentation of treatment, it appears that the therapists in this study (minus 1) followed their respective protocols. Intervention aim and theoretical basis: using imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure, clients reduce their fear, desensitise to memories, and learn that they can venture to places previously avoided. Duration of intervention: 10 weeks
Integrative therapy (holographic reprocessing)
Planned number of intervention sessions: 10 Mode of delivery (face‐to‐face, online, video, telephone, blend, with explanation): face‐to‐face Format (group, individual, blend): individual Therapist qualifications and training appropriate (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes, trainees were given weekly individual supervision by the licenced psychologist. Research allegiance or conflict of interest (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes, the lead researcher also designed the therapy, and it is unclear if that researcher also delivered the therapies and if other therapists were listed as co‐authors. Treatment fidelity (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes Intervention aim and theoretical basis: holographic reprocessing uses a low‐arousing method of revisiting a formative event (e.g. representative of the person’s hologram) to facilitate holistic reappraisal and insight. In reprocessing, participants do not revisit an act of trauma itself, as this is not an exposure treatment. Clients are instructed to recall the event as a distanced observer, describing it from the third person and noticing a larger context for the event, which facilitates broad cognitive reappraisals. Duration of intervention: 10 weeks
Humanist (person‐centred therapy)
Planned number of intervention sessions: 10 Mode of delivery (face‐to‐face, online, video, telephone, blend, with explanation): face‐to‐face Format (group, individual, blend): individual Therapist qualifications and training appropriate (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes, trainees were given weekly individual supervision by the licenced psychologist. Research allegiance or conflict of interest (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): no Treatment fidelity (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes Intervention aim and theoretical basis: PCT focuses on providing support and discussing and understanding here‐and‐now issues that are generated by clients. Duration of intervention: 10 weeks
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