| Participants |
Baseline characteristics
Behavioural (EMDR)
Participants (completers): 20 Gender: 100% female participants Age: not given Ethnicity: not given Disability: not given Time since trauma, M (SD): 145.9 months (146.8 months) Income: not given Education: not given Employment: not given Sexual violence in adulthood: not given Comorbid conditions: not given Baseline PTSD, M: 80 Partnered: not given Randomised (N): 25 Completed post‐treatment assessment (N): 20 Dropped out or removed prior to analysis (N): 5 Numbers analysed at final applicable time point (N): 19 Number of sessions: not given Treatment completion: 20 (80%)
CBT (PE)
Participants (completers): 20 Gender: 100% female participants Age: not given Ethnicity: not given Disability: not given Time since trauma, M (SD): 120.9 months (94.1 months) Income: not given Education: not given Employment: not given Sexual violence in adulthood: not given Comorbid conditions: not given Baseline PTSD, M: 61 Partnered: not given Randomised (N): 23 Completed post‐treatment assessment (N): 20 Dropped out or removed prior to analysis (N): 5 Numbers analysed at final applicable time point (N): 18 Number of sessions: not given Treatment completion: 20 (87%)
Wait‐list
Participants (completers): 20 Gender: 100% female participants Age: not given Ethnicity: not given Disability: not given Time since trauma, M (SD): 162.9 months (136.9 months) Income: not given Education: not given Employment: not given Sexual violence in adulthood: not given Comorbid conditions: not given Baseline PTSD, M: 78 Partnered: not given Randomised (N): 24 Completed post‐treatment assessment (N): 20 Dropped out or removed prior to analysis (N): 20 Numbers analysed at final applicable time point (N): 0
Overall
Participants (select at randomisation if available): 60 Gender: 100% female participants Age, M (SD): 33.8 years (11.0 years) Ethnicity: 68% white Disability: not given Time since trauma: not given Income: 30% household income USD 40,000 or higher Education (% high school, college or apprentice, university or years of education): 48% college degree or higher Employment (% employed; unemployed, other): 77% employed or full‐time students Sexual violence in adulthood: 100% sexual violence > 12 years; including the index assault, participants experienced a mean of 6.0 traumas (SD = 4.1) prior to study entry Comorbid conditions: 65% had 1 or more comorbid mental health diagnosis. Baseline PTSD: not given Partnered: 26.7% Approached (N): not given Ineligible (N): 1 Declined (N): not given Other (N): 1 Randomised (N): 72 Completed post‐treatment assessment (N): 60 Dropped out or removed prior to analysis (N): 35 Numbers analysed at final applicable time point (N): 37
Inclusion criteria
A rape or attempted rape in adulthood (age 12 years or older) or a single incident of rape in childhood (age 0 years to 11 years) by either a family or a non‐family member If taking psychotropic medication, participants were required to be stable on the medication at the same dosage for 30 d prior to study entry and to agree not to change medication or dosage for duration of the study.
Exclusion criteria
History of schizophrenia or other psychoses Current suicidal risk or practised self‐mutilation Illiterate and thus unable to complete self‐reports Current alcohol or drug dependence as determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM‐IV Blind or had a history of serious eye disease (e.g. detached retina) that would cause risk with rapid eye movement Use of cocaine in any form within 60 d of treatment administration In an ongoing threatening situation (e.g. domestic violence)
Pretreatment: participants in the EMDR condition exhibited significantly higher overall PTSD symptoms; higher levels of intrusive symptoms on the PSS; and higher levels of depression, dissociation and trait anxiety than the PE group. |
| Interventions |
Intervention characteristics
Behavioural (EMDR)
Planned number of intervention sessions: 9 (× 90 min) Mode of delivery (face‐to‐face, online, video, telephone, blend, with explanation): face‐to‐face Format (group, individual, blend): individual Therapist qualifications and training appropriate (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): unclear, there was not much information other than that participants were assigned to 1 of 3 doctoral‐level psychologists who were trained in both therapies. Research allegiance or conflict of interest (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): no Treatment fidelity (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes, 92.09% of sessions adherent for essential and unique items; therapist skill was rated 6.04 (SD 0.58) Intervention aim and theoretical basis: EMDR involves having the patient imagine a scene that represents the worst part of the trauma, focusing on the sensations of distress in her body, and rehearsing negative thoughts that match the picture. The patient simultaneously follows the therapist’s fingers moving back and forth approximately 18 inches in front of her, a minimum of 20 times each repetition. Distress ratings are gathered using a SUDs from 0 to 10. Once the distress about this scene from the memory drops to 0 or 1, the patient is asked to track the therapist’s finger while rehearsing a new, preferred belief, repeating this sequence until the new statement feels true to the patient. Cognitive work is accomplished through the use of cognitive interweaves. Duration of intervention: 5 weeks
CBT (PE)
Planned number of intervention sessions: 9 (× 90 min) Mode of delivery (face‐to‐face, online, video, telephone, blend, with explanation): face‐to‐face Format (group, individual, blend): individual Therapist qualifications and training appropriate (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): as previous Research allegiance or conflict of interest (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): unclear Treatment fidelity (yes, no, unclear, with explanation): yes, 90.46% of sessions adherent for essential and unique items; therapist skill was rated 5.80 (SD = 0.66) Intervention aim and theoretical basis: PE treatment (Foa 1998; Foa 1991) – a hierarchy of avoided situations is constructed for in vivo exposure homework. The next 7 sessions are devoted to reliving the rape scene in imagination. Participants are instructed to try to imagine the assault scene as vividly as possible and describe it aloud in the present tense. Anxiety levels (SUDs 0 to 100) are monitored every 5 min during exposure. Participants are encouraged to describe the rape in its entirety, repeating it several times for 45 min to 60 min per session. Following exposure, the participant’s reaction to the exposure situation is discussed, and a homework assignment is assigned. Participants' narratives are tape‐recorded, and they are instructed to listen to the tapes at home at least once daily. Duration of intervention: 5 weeks
Wait‐list
Planned number of intervention sessions: N/A Mode of delivery: N/A Format: N/A Therapist qualifications and training appropriate: N/A Research allegiance or conflict of interest: N/A Treatment fidelity: N/A Intervention aim and theoretical basis: N/A Duration of intervention: N/A
|
