Table 3.
Multilevel logistic regression analysis of factors associated with Neurolathyrism in Dawunt wereda, North Wollo zone, Northeastern Ethiopia; 2021
| Variables | Neurolathyrism | Model-1 | Model-2 AOR (95% CI) |
Model-3 AOR (95% CI) |
Model-4 AOR (95% CI) |
P-value (model-4) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||||
| Random effects | ||||||||
| ICC (95% CI) |
0.573 (0.435, 0.701) |
0.593 (0.431, 0.738) |
0.414 (0.269, 0.576) |
0.384 (0.227, 0.569) |
||||
| PCV | Reference | -8.5% | 47.4% | 53.6% | ||||
| Variance (SE) |
4.42 (1.26) |
4.80 (1.61) |
2.33 (0.77) |
2.05 (0.79) |
||||
| MOR | 11.49 | 12.74 | 5.89 | 5.27 | ||||
| Model fitness | ||||||||
| AIC | 709.218 | 653.065 | 607.089 | 538.545 | ||||
| BIC | 721.451 | 726.466 | 698.839 | 679.229 | ||||
| Log likelihood | -352.609 | -314.533 | -288.544 | -246.272 | ||||
| Individual level variables | ||||||||
| Age group | 1-17years | 11 | 1397 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 18-64years | 69 | 1828 |
5.39* (1.93, 15.04) |
7.38*** (2.64, 20.61) |
< 0.001 | |||
| 65+years | 1 | 44 |
1.16 (0.08, 17.14) |
1.42 (0.11, 19.02) |
0.792 | |||
| Sex | Male | 66 | 1554 |
6.54* (3.32, 12.89) |
7.76*** (3.91, 15.40) |
< 0.001 | ||
| Female | 15 | 1715 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Educational status | No formal education | 41 | 1320 |
2.95* (0.91, 9.59) |
3.18 (0.99, 10.23) |
0.052 | ||
| Primary | 25 | 1282 |
2.02* (0.78, 5.29) |
2.39 (0.93, 6.18) |
0.071 | |||
| Secondary+ | 15 | 667 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | Married | 40 | 1201 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Divorced | 3 | 35 |
4.76* (0.80, 28.28) |
2.05 (0.29, 14.13) |
0.468 | |||
| Widowed | 1 | 32 |
1.74 (0.15, 20.38) |
0.80 (0.08, 8.59) |
0.856 | |||
| Not ever marriedX | 37 | 2001 |
2.99* (0.92, 9.68) |
4.02** (1.26, 12.81) |
0.018 | |||
| Occupation | Farmer | 44 | 1151 |
1.77 (0.52, 6.02) |
2.00 (0.63, 6.34) |
0.238 | ||
| Not occupiedY | 3 | 432 |
0.32* (0.06, 1.83) |
0.27 (0.05, 1.54 |
0.140 | |||
| Non-farmerZ | 34 | 1686 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Household level variables | ||||||||
| Family size | < 5 | 24 | 673 |
11.96* (2.93, 48.75) |
12.64*** (3.02, 52.81) |
0.001 | ||
| 5–7 | 51 | 2065 |
3.75* (1.04, 13.49) |
3.27 (0.90, 11.85) |
0.072 | |||
| > 7 | 6 | 531 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Average monthly income | < 1000 ETB | 71 | 2692 |
3.43* (0.58, 20.30) |
3.57 (0.59, 21.66) |
0.166 | ||
| 1000–2000 ETB | 8 | 347 |
2.69 (0.37, 19.40) |
2.75 (0.37, 20.24) |
0.320 | |||
| > 2000 ETB | 2 | 230 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Main income source | Farming | 80 | 3161 |
3.18 (0.13, 78.75) |
||||
| Non-farming | 1 | 108 | 1 | |||||
| Farming land | Yes | 80 | 3225 |
0.51 (0.02, 17.17) |
||||
| No | 1 | 44 | 1 | |||||
| Annual grass pea production | < 6quintals | 36 | 2370 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 6 quintals+ | 45 | 899 |
4.66* (2.14, 10.14) |
4.99*** (2.26, 10.99) |
< 0.001 | |||
| Family ever feed grass pea only | Yes | 30 | 210 |
8.32* (3.29, 21.02) |
8.75*** (3.45, 22.21) |
< 0.001 | ||
| No | 51 | 3059 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Main cooking utensils | Clay materials | 72 | 2685 |
1.88* (0.67, 5.27) |
2.04 (0.70, 5.91) |
0.190 | ||
| Non-clay materials | 9 | 584 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Grass pea to other cereals mixing ratio | < 1:1 | 63 | 3104 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 1:1 to 3:1 | 12 | 132 |
3.32* (1.03, 10.70) |
3.78** (1.16, 12.28) |
0.027 | |||
| > 3:1 | 6 | 33 |
5.48* (0.91, 33.02) |
6.05** (1.09, 33.47) |
0.039 | |||
| Ever feeding roasted grass pea | Yes | 23 | 391 |
2.01* (0.81, 4.99) |
2.10 (0.85, 5.16) |
0.107 | ||
| No | 58 | 2878 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Ever feeding immature seeds | Yes | 47 | 506 |
5.38* (2.42, 11.97) |
6.28*** (2.80, 14.08) |
< 0.001 | ||
| No | 34 | 2810 | 1 | 1 | ||||
X Includes singles and the non-eligible (Male < 20 years; Female less than 18 years)
Y Includes non-occupied (if age ≥ 7years) and the non-eligible (Age < 7years)
Z Includes merchants, government employs, private employs, and students
*Significant at p-value < 0.25 in Model-2 or Model-3
**Statistically significant at p-value < 0.05 in the final model (Model-4)
***Statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.001 in the final model (Model-4)
AIC, Akaike Information Criteria; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; BIC, Bayesian Information Criteria; CI, Confidence Interval; ICC, Intra-cluster Correlation Coefficient; MOR, Median Odds Ratio; PCV, Proportional Change in Variance; SE, Standard Error