Table 3. Prevalence (%), prevalence ratio (PR), and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of vitamin A deficiency regarding factors assessed by age group in Brazilian children 6-59 months. Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).
| Variables | 6-23 months | 24-59 months | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Model 1 * | Model 2 ** | % | Model 1 * | Model 2 ** | |||||
| PR | 95%CI | PR | 95%CI | PR | 95%CI | PR | 95%CI | |||
| Enabling determinants | ||||||||||
| Brazilian macroregions | ||||||||||
| Southeast | 5.6 | Reference | Reference | 4.2 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| North | 7.6 | 1.36 | 0.81; 2.28 | 1.48 | 0.86; 2.56 | 8.8 | 2.10 | 1.24; 3.56 | 1.96 | 1.16; 3.30 |
| Northeast | 6.4 | 1.15 | 0.60; 2.19 | 1.08 | 0.57; 2.05 | 4.9 | 1.18 | 0.73; 1.91 | 1.15 | 0.70; 1.88 |
| South | 8.7 *** | 1.54 | 0.73; 3.26 | 1.50 | 0.67; 3.35 | 11.1 | 2.67 | 1.60; 4.44 | 3.07 | 1.89; 5.01 |
| Central-West | 12.2 | 2.17 | 1.26; 3.74 | 2.32 | 1.33; 4.05 | 8.1 | 1.94 | 1.14; 3.33 | 1.91 | 1.12; 3.25 |
| Mother or caregiver educational level (completed years) | ||||||||||
| 0-7 | 9.3 | 1.39 | 0.65; 2.95 | 1.73 | 0.69; 4.33 | 6.0 | 1.22 | 0.73; 2.03 | 1.16 | 0.73; 1.84 |
| 8-10 | 7.9 | 1.17 | 0.56; 2.46 | 1.41 | 0.63; 3.18 | 7.8 | 1.58 | 0.96; 2.58 | 1.44 | 0.91; 2.27 |
| 11 | 5.2 | 0.78 | 0.35; 1.71 | 0.86 | 0.37; 2.01 | 5.9 | 1.20 | 0.73; 1.98 | 1.16 | 0.72; 1.87 |
| ≥ 12 | 6.7 *** | Reference | Reference | 4.9 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Maternal or caregiver race/skin color | ||||||||||
| Whhite | 6.9 | Reference | Reference | 5.4 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Brown | 7.6 | 1.10 | 0.60; 2.01 | 1.18 | 0.61; 2.25 | 6.4 | 1.19 | 0.81; 1.75 | 1.42 | 0.99; 2.05 |
| Black | 5.3 *** | 0.77 | 0.28; 2.10 | 0.81 | 0.28; 2.40 | 6.7 | 1.24 | 0.65; 2.35 | 1.50 | 0.80; 2.81 |
| Access to digital information technologies (number of items) # | ||||||||||
| 0 | 9,9 *** | 1.29 | 0.60; 2.75 | 0.97 | 0.40; 2.36 | 5.8 *** | 0.95 | 0.42; 2.12 | 0.95 | 0.43; 2.07 |
| 1 | 5.0 | 0.66 | 0.42; 1.04 | 0.54 | 0.33; 0.87 | 6.4 | 1.05 | 0.71; 1.53 | 0.91 | 0.60; 1.39 |
| 2-3 | 7.7 | Reference | Reference | 6.1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Mother or caregiver age (years) | ||||||||||
| < 20 | 7.0 *** | 0.93 | 0.37; 2.37 | 0.87 | 0.33; 2.29 | 5.8 *** | 1.42 | 0.64; 3.15 | 1.20 | 0.57; 2.56 |
| 20-34 | 6.9 | 0.92 | 0.52; 1.64 | 0.99 | 0.56; 1.75 | 7.1 | 1.73 | 1.18; 2.52 | 1.62 | 1.11; 2.35 |
| ≥ 35 | 7.5 | Reference | Reference | 4.1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Underlying determinants | ||||||||||
| Number of people per bedroom | ||||||||||
| 1 | 7.0 *** | Reference | Reference | 3.7 *** | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 2 | 6.8 | 0.97 | 0.45; 2.08 | 0.99 | 0.41; 2.43 | 5.6 | 1.51 | 0.75; 3.06 | 1.44 | 0.73; 2.85 |
| 3 | 6.5 | 0.92 | 0.39; 2.13 | 0.79 | 0.31; 2.03 | 7.4 | 2.01 | 0.87; 4.67 | 2.02 | 0.92; 4.43 |
| ≥ 4 | 8.6 | 1.22 | 0.50; 2.97 | 0.95 | 0.30; 2.97 | 6.6 | 1.79 | 0.89; 3.60 | 1.72 | 0.84; 3.49 |
| Presence of more than one resident < 5 years of age | ||||||||||
| No | 5.5 | Reference | Reference | 5.7 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 10.5 | 1.90 | 1.15; 3.13 | 1.82 | 1.09; 3.05 | 7.3 | 1.28 | 0.87; 1.87 | 1.14 | 0.80; 1.63 |
| Sewage system | ||||||||||
| Yes | 6.5 | Reference | Reference | 6.3 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| No | 8.3 | 1.27 | 0.77; 2.11 | 1.14 | 0.69; 1.90 | 5.8 | 0.93 | 0.59; 1.45 | 0.66 | 0.43; 1.02 |
| Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale | ||||||||||
| Security | 6.5 | Reference | Reference | 5.8 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Mild insecurity | 6.2 | 0.94 | 0.55; 1.61 | 0.96 | 0.57; 1.64 | 6.5 | 1.11 | 0.75; 1.63 | 1.08 | 0.73; 1.59 |
| Moderate insecurity/Severe insecurity | 12.6 | 1.93 | 1.01; 3.68 | 1.84 | 0.89; 3.81 | 6.5 | 1.11 | 0.66; 1.86 | 0.99 | 0.53; 1.84 |
| Immediate determinants | ||||||||||
| Breastfeeding in the previous day ## | ||||||||||
| Yes | 8.4 | Reference | Reference | - | Reference | Reference | ||||
| No | 5.5 | 0.66 | 0.43; 1.02 | 0.56 | 0.34; 0.93 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Minimal dietary diversity | ||||||||||
| Yes | 5.8 | Reference | Reference | 5.4 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| No | 9.1 | 1.57 | 0.93; 2.63 | 1.76 | 0.94; 3.31 | 7.3 | 1.36 | 0.98; 1.89 | 1.29 | 0.95; 1.75 |
| Consumption of ultra-processed foods (groups) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 6.8 | Reference | Reference | 5.4 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 1-2 | 7.2 | 1.05 | 0.57; 1.94 | 1.57 | 0.79; 3.10 | 6.0 | 1.11 | 0.65; 1.89 | 1.22 | 0.72; 2.08 |
| ≥ 3 | 6.9 | 1.01 | 0.55; 1.84 | 1.57 | 0.71; 3.46 | 6.4 | 1.19 | 0.64; 2.21 | 1.24 | 0.67; 2.30 |
| Vitamin A supplement use ### | ||||||||||
| Yes | 7.1 | Reference | Reference | 6.1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| No | 7.0 | 0.99 | 0.61; 1.59 | 0.91 | 0.56; 1.50 | 6.2 | 1.01 | 0.71; 1.44 | 0.97 | 0.67; 1.39 |
Notes: bold values indicate statistically significant associations. Prevalence and PR estimates were considered statistically significant when no overlapping of 95%CIs was observed. Breastfeeding was not included in the model for children aged ≥ 24 months. The estimates for yellow/indigenous race/skin color were omitted from the table due to the low precision of these results (coefficientes of variation - CV > 30%).
* Model 1: unadjusted;
** Model 2: each level was adjusted based on variables of the previous levels;
*** CV > 30%;
# Access to technology items: smartphone with access to the internet; access to the internet at home; cable TV;
## Consumption of breast milk on the day before the interview;
### Supplementation during the study period or in the six months preceding it.