Table 5.

Means, Kruskal-Wallis, and post-hoc pairwise of the PERMA.

PERMA factors	Groups	Mean	Median	Standard deviation	Kruskal-Wallis			Post-hoc pairwise
					H (2)	p	Rank	Peers	p	z	r	Effect
Positive emotions	1	21.20	22	4.31	421.88	0.00	765.69	1–2	0.00	7.80	0.32	Small
	2	20.02	20	4.77			564.50	2–3	0.00	−9.52	0.36	Small
	3	17.25	18	5.92			328.84	3–1	0.00	2.46	0.71	Medium
Engagement	1	22.68	23	4.74	153.86	0.00	674.66	1–2	0.00	5.02	0.21	Small
	2	20.64	20	4.77			545.09	2–3	0.00	5.45	0.21	Small
	3	17.79	18	5.92			410.40	3–1	0.00	12.38	0.43	Small
Relationships	1	22.78	23	5.19	195.08	0.00	685.68	1–2	0.00	4.57	0.19	Small
	2	20.41	21	5.93			567.70	2–3	0.00	7.16	0.27	Small
	3	16.14	17	7.06			390.59	3–1	0.00	13.82	0.48	Small
Meaning	1	21.63	23	5.75	234.62	0.00	710.58	1–2	0.00	6.54	0.27	Small
	2	17.70	18	6.96			519.59	2–3	0.00	6.39	0.24	Small
	3	13.78	14	7.17			398.75	3–1	0.00	15.31	0.53	Small
Accomplishments	1	20.92	22	4.78	206.38	0.00	705.18	1–2	0.00	7.20	0.30	Small
	2	17.51	18	5.22			519.59	2–3	0.00	4.88	0.19	Small
	3	14.98	15	5.99			398.75	3–1	0.00	14.35	0.50	Small
PERMA	1	109.21	113	19.35	359.03	0.00	705.64	1–2	0.00	7.66	0.38	Small
	2	93.61	94	21.80			552.96	2–3	0.00	8.34	−0.19	Small
	3	74.97	76	24.23			346.41	3–1	0.00	18.91	0.50	Medium