Table 6.
Means, Kruskal-Wallis, and post-hoc pairwise of the CSs.
| CS factors | Groups | Mean | Median | Standard deviation | Kruskal-Wallis | Post-hoc pairwise | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H (2) | p | Rank | Pairs | p | z | r | Effect | |||||
| Creativity | 1 | 6.70 | 7 | 2.63 | 16.44 | 0.00 | 579.33 | 1–2 | 0.16 | 1.92 | 0.10 | -- |
| 2 | 6.27 | 6 | 2.47 | 529.98 | 2–3 | 0.41 | −1.49 | −0.06 | -- | |||
| 3 | 5.95 | 6 | 2.68 | 493.25 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 4.06 | 0.14 | Small | |||
| Curiosity | 1 | 8.99 | 9 | 2.47 | 17.58 | 0.00 | 578.50 | 1–2 | 0.34 | 1.58 | 0.08 | -- |
| 2 | 8.68 | 9 | 2.50 | 538.05 | 2–3 | 0.15 | −1.96 | −0.07 | -- | |||
| 3 | 8.21 | 9 | 2.74 | 489.95 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 4.17 | 0.15 | Small | |||
| Open mindedness/openness to new ideas | 1 | 8.90 | 9 | 2.27 | 2.94 | 0.23 | 544.97 | 1–2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | 8.94 | 9 | 2.11 | 545.32 | 2–3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| 3 | 8.70 | 9 | 2.21 | 512.92 | 3–1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Love of learning | 1 | 8.05 | 8 | 2.70 | 54.55 | 0.00 | 613.60 | 1–2 | 0.03 | 2.59 | 0.11 | Small |
| 2 | 7.11 | 7 | 2.65 | 547.15 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −3.63 | −0.14 | Small | |||
| 3 | 6.59 | 6 | 2.86 | 457.71 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 7.33 | 0.25 | Small | |||
| Perspective/wisdom | 1 | 7.32 | 8 | 2.73 | 7.43 | 0.02 | 559.82 | 1–2 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.04 | -- |
| 2 | 7.18 | 8 | 2.51 | 541.15 | 2–3 | 0.37 | −1.54 | −0.06 | -- | |||
| 3 | 6.85 | 7 | 2.75 | 503.22 | 3–1 | 0.02 | 2.67 | 0.09 | Small | |||
| Honesty | 1 | 7.86 | 8 | 2.25 | 9.48 | 0.01 | 567.05 | 1–2 | 0.53 | 1.35 | 0.07 | -- |
| 2 | 7.29 | 8 | 2.34 | 532.45 | 2–3 | 0.64 | −1.25 | −0.05 | -- | |||
| 3 | 7.33 | 8 | 2.47 | 501.76 | 3–1 | 0.01 | 3.08 | 0.11 | Small | |||
| Bravery | 1 | 6.81 | 7 | 2.71 | 0.28 | 0.87 | 537.21 | 1–2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | 6.50 | 7 | 2.79 | 525.94 | 2–3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| 3 | 6.87 | 7 | 2.89 | 531.30 | 3–1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Persistence | 1 | 8.14 | 8 | 2.65 | 94.49 | 0.00 | 639.24 | 1–2 | 0.00 | 3.32 | 0.14 | Small |
| 2 | 7.32 | 8 | 2.89 | 553.80 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −4.85 | −0.18 | Small | |||
| 3 | 6.07 | 6 | 3.12 | 434.16 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 9.64 | 0.33 | Small | |||
| Enthusiasm/zest | 1 | 7.29 | 8 | 2.61 | 306.80 | 0.00 | 727.74 | 1–2 | 0.00 | 6.23 | 0.33 | Small |
| 2 | 5.63 | 6 | 2.81 | 567.59 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −8.52 | −0.32 | Small | |||
| 3 | 3.47 | 3 | 2.69 | 357.36 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 17.40 | 0.60 | Medium | |||
| Kindness/generosity | 1 | 9.10 | 9 | 2.32 | 2.22 | 0.33 | 547.81 | 1–2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | 8.92 | 9.5 | 2.52 | 516.41 | 2–3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| 3 | 8.85 | 9 | 2.40 | 533.62 | 3–1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Love | 1 | 7.70 | 8 | 2.41 | 73.80 | 0.00 | 628.85 | 1–2 | 0.00 | 3.30 | 0.14 | Small |
| 2 | 6.70 | 7 | 2.42 | 447.07 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −3.95 | −0.15 | Small | |||
| 3 | 6.14 | 6 | 2.73 | 544.24 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 8.56 | 0.30 | Small | |||
| Social and emotional intelligence | 1 | 7.34 | 8 | 2.51 | 4.48 | 0.11 | 557.08 | 1–2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | 6.79 | 7 | 2.54 | 526.82 | 2–3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| 3 | 6.92 | 7 | 2.82 | 512.41 | 3–1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Justice | 1 | 9.07 | 9 | 2.11 | 2.75 | 0.25 | 542.66 | 1–2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | 9.11 | 9 | 2.10 | 547.57 | 2–3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| 3 | 8.90 | 9 | 2.09 | 513.65 | 3–1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Leadership | 1 | 6.85 | 7 | 2.72 | 45.84 | 0.00 | 61.31 | 1–2 | 0.01 | 2.40 | 0.10 | Small |
| 2 | 6.18 | 6 | 2.75 | 466.34 | 2–3 | 0.02 | −2.78 | −0.11 | Small | |||
| 3 | 5.23 | 5 | 3.05 | 534.87 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 6.77 | 0.23 | Small | |||
| Teamwork | 1 | 8.05 | 8 | 2.40 | 32.28 | 0.00 | 595.94 | 1–2 | 0.27 | 1.70 | 0.09 | -- |
| 2 | 7.73 | 8 | 2.36 | 552.48 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −3.40 | −0.13 | Small | |||
| 3 | 7.00 | 7 | 2.56 | 469.08 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 5.99 | 0.21 | Small | |||
| Forgiveness | 1 | 6.41 | 7 | 3.02 | 13.83 | 0.00 | 577.50 | 1–2 | 0.08 | 2.21 | 0.12 | -- |
| 2 | 5.87 | 5 | 3.15 | 52.68 | 2–3 | 1.00 | −0.87 | −0.03 | -- | |||
| 3 | 5.57 | 6 | 3.38 | 499.26 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 0.13 | Small | |||
| Humility | 1 | 8.45 | 9 | 2.24 | 1.20 | 0.55 | 535.98 | 1–2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | 8.25 | 8 | 2.39 | 536.64 | 2–3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| 3 | 8.44 | 9 | 2.29 | 511.46 | 3–1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Prudence | 1 | 8.53 | 9 | 2.41 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 534.90 | 1–2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | 8.62 | 9 | 2.25 | 541.50 | 2–3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| 3 | 8.45 | 9 | 2.37 | 522.77 | 3–1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Self-regulation | 1 | 7.07 | 7 | 2.61 | 24.94 | 0.00 | 587.38 | 1–2 | 0.20 | 1.83 | 0.10 | -- |
| 2 | 6.65 | 7 | 2.60 | 54.33 | 2–3 | 0.52 | −2.38 | −0.90 | -- | |||
| 3 | 6.17 | 6 | 2.73 | 481.81 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 4.97 | 0.17 | Small | |||
| Appreciation | 1 | 6.34 | 7 | 1.51 | 30.65 | 0.00 | 593.20 | 1–2 | 0.10 | 2.18 | 0.11 | -- |
| 2 | 6.05 | 6 | 1.37 | 539.58 | 2–3 | 0.03 | −2.55 | −0.10 | Small | |||
| 3 | 5.55 | 6 | 1.74 | 477.57 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 5.52 | 0.19 | Small | |||
| Gratitude | 1 | 9.28 | 10 | 2.47 | 135.28 | 0.00 | 665.95 | 1–2 | 0.00 | 4.48 | 0.18 | Small |
| 2 | 8.11 | 8 | 2.90 | 541.59 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −4.98 | −0.19 | Small | |||
| 3 | 6.91 | 7 | 2.94 | 419.01 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 11.62 | 0.40 | Small | |||
| Hope and optimism | 1 | 8.81 | 9 | 2.66 | 176.79 | 0.00 | 608.24 | 1–2 | 0.00 | 4.96 | 0.20 | Small |
| 2 | 7.45 | 8 | 3.15 | 453.12 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −6.25 | −0.24 | Small | |||
| 3 | 5.70 | 6 | 3.34 | 565.16 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 13.23 | 0.46 | Small | |||
| Humor | 1 | 7.61 | 8 | 2.74 | 56.80 | 0.00 | 608.24 | 1–2 | 0.28 | 1.68 | 0.09 | -- |
| 2 | 7.19 | 6 | 2.89 | 453.12 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −4.54 | −0.17 | Small | |||
| 3 | 6.07 | 6 | 3.02 | 565.16 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 13.23 | 0.46 | Small | |||
| Spirituality | 1 | 7.91 | 9 | 3.81 | 75.65 | 0.00 | 626.16 | 1–2 | 0.00 | 2.72 | 0.14 | Small |
| 2 | 6.99 | 8 | 4.06 | 556.09 | 2–3 | 0.00 | −4.57 | −0.17 | Small | |||
| 3 | 5.53 | 6 | 3.93 | 443.39 | 3–1 | 0.00 | 8.58 | 0.30 | Small | |||