Table 1.
Bivariate analysis of determinants of intention to initiate PrEP by socio-ecological level
| Variables | Total (N=1437) | No intention to initiate PrEP (n= 1289) | Intention to Initiate PrEP (n=148) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Individual | ||||
| Age | 28.8±9.2 | 28.7±9.2 | 30.1±9.9 | 0.08 |
| Behavioral exposure | ||||
| Injection Drug Use (lifetime; no/yes) | 64(4.5) | 51(4.0) | 13(8.8) | 0.02 |
| Inconsistent Condom Use (never, rarely, or sometimes vs. always) | 1020(71.0) | 915(71.0) | 105(70.9) | >.99 |
| >2 Sex Partners (yes/no) | 426(29.6) | 371(28.8) | 55(37.2) | 0.04 |
| Number of Behavioral Risk Factors – Median (10%, 90%) | 2(0,3) | 2(0,3) | 2(1,4) | <.01 |
| Recent History of STI (past 12 months) | 208(14.5) | 180(14.0) | 28(18.9) | 0.11 |
| Casual Sex Partner(s) (current) | 429(29.9) | 373(28.9) | 56(37.8) | 0.03 |
| Transactional Sex (past 12 months) | 42(2.9) | 33(2.6) | 9(6.1) | 0.03 |
| Perceived Risk (Lifetime) (scale 1– 4) | 1.6±0.7 | 1.6±0.7 | 1.7±0.7 | 0.63 |
| Perceived Risk (Near Future) (scale 1– 4) | 1.4±0.6 | 1.4±0.6 | 1.4±0.6 | 0.86 |
| Awareness of PrEP | ||||
| Before today, have you ever heard of people who do not have HIV taking PrEP to reduce the risk of getting HIV? (no/yes) | 541(39.0) | 484(38.8) | 57(40.7) | 0.71 |
| Attitudes | ||||
| Overall, would you say that using PrEP daily to prevent HIV is a good or a bad thing? (scale 1– 5) | 4.1±1.0 | 4.0±1.0 | 4.6±0.9 | <.01 |
| Using daily PrEP to prevent HIV would make me feel in control of my health. (scale 1– 5) | 3.8±1.2 | 3.7±1.2 | 4.4±1.1 | <.01 |
| PrEP is a safe way to prevent HIV infection. (scale 1– 5) | 4.0±1.0 | 4.0±1.0 | 4.5±1.0 | <.01 |
| PrEP is an effective tool to prevent HIV infection. (scale 1– 5) | 4.1±1.0 | 4.0±1.0 | 4.4±1.1 | <.01 |
| Perceived Self-Efficacy | ||||
| If I really wanted to, I could use PrEP daily for HIV prevention. (scale 1– 5) | 4.0±1.1 | 3.9±1.2 | 4.5±1.0 | <.01 |
| If I really wanted to, I could remember to take the pill every day. (scale 1– 5) | 4.0±1.2 | 3.9±1.2 | 4.4±1.1 | <.01 |
| If I really wanted to, I could take the pill every day, even if it gave me a stomachache. (scale 1– 5) | 3.0±1.4 | 2.9±1.3 | 4.0±1.3 | <.01 |
| I could use PrEP for HIV prevention, even if my main partner didn’t want me to. (scale 1– 5) | 4.1±1.1 | 4.1±1.1 | 4.5±1.1 | <.01 |
| I just can’t take pills. | 2.0±1.3 | 2.0±1.3 | 1.7±1.2 | <.01 |
| B. Interpersonal | ||||
| Relationship Status | 0.68 | |||
| Married or Living Together | 190(13.3) | 171(13.3) | 19(13.0) | |
| Divorced, Separated, or Widowed | 84(5.9) | 78(6.1) | 6(4.1) | |
| Single or Never Married | 1157(80.9) | 1036(80.6) | 121(82.9) | |
| Norms | ||||
| Thinking about the people who are important to you — would they support or not support your using PrEP for HIV prevention in the next 12 months? (scale 1–5) | 3.9±1.2 | 3.8±1.2 | 4.4±0.9 | <.01 |
| Top Five Important People (±10) | ||||
| Doctor | 6.6±4.2 | 6.3±4.2 | 8.4±3.1 | <.01 |
| Main Sex Partner | 5.2±4.9 | 4.9±4.9 | 7.7±3.5 | <.01 |
| Child | 4.7±4.9 | 4.5±4.9 | 6.4±4.4 | <.01 |
| Best Friend | 4.6±4.5 | 4.3±4.4 | 6.8±3.8 | <.01 |
| Sister | 4.4±4.7 | 4.2±4.7 | 6.6±4.2 | <.01 |
| C. Community | ||||
| Thinking about people who are similar to you — how likely would they be to use PrEP for HIV prevention in the next 12 months? (scale 1– 5) | 3.2±1.2 | 3.1±1.2 | 4.1±1.1 | <.01 |
| People would shame me if they learned that I was taking PrEP. (scale 1– 5) | 2.0±1.1 | 1.8±1.2 | <.01 | |
| D. Health System | ||||
| Heard about PrEP from a doctor1 | 148(27.4) | 121(25.0) | 27(47.4) | <.01 |
| In the past 12 months, have you had a discussion with a healthcare provider about taking PrEP?1 | 120(22.3) | 93(19.3) | 27(48.2) | <.01 |
| E. Structural | ||||
| Race | 0.03 | |||
| Black / African American | 1050(74.8) | 928(73.8) | 122(84.1) | |
| White / Caucasian | 144(10.3) | 135(10.7) | 9(6.2) | |
| Other / Multiple Races | 209(14.9) | 195(15.5) | 14(9.7) | |
| Black Experience – Black/African American (Yes vs. No) | 1050(74.8) | 928(73.8) | 122(84.1) | <.01 |
| Education | <.01 [.01] | |||
| Less than 12th Grade | 69(4.8) | 56(4.4) | 13(8.8) | |
| 12th Grade or GED | 413(28.8) | 362(28.2) | 51(34.7) | |
| Some college, Associate or Technical Degree | 548(38.3) | 489(38.1) | 59(40.1) | |
| Bachelor’s Degree | 275(19.2) | 260(20.2) | 15(10.2) | |
| Graduate Studies | 127(8.9) | 118(9.2) | 9(6.1) | |
| Employment Status | .10 | |||
| Employed Full-Time | 643(45.6) | 583(46.1) | 60(41.7) | |
| Employed Part-Time | 296(21.0) | 272(21.5) | 24(16.7) | |
| Student | 126(8.9) | 113(8.9) | 13(9.0) | |
| Unemployed, Homemaker, or Retired | 344(24.4) | 297(23.5) | 47(32.6) | |
| Household Income | <.01 [.03] | |||
| 0-$14,999 | 533(41.9) | 472(41.3) | 61(47.3) | |
| $15,000–29,999 | 228(17.9) | 206(18.0) | 22(17.1) | |
| $30,000–49,999 | 301(23.7) | 263(23.0) | 38(29.5) | |
| $50,000 or more | 210(16.5) | 202(17.7) | 8(6.2) | |
| Health insurance status (Insured vs. Uninsured) | 1054(75.5) | 947(75.6) | 107(74.3) | 0.76 |
|
Travel Duration (n=1331) ≤ 15 Minutes 25–29 Minutes 30–44 Minutes 45–59 Minutes ≥60 Minutes |
335(25.2) 577(43.4) 269(20.2) 96(7.2) 54(4.1) |
294(24.6) 520(43.5) 242(20.2) 89(7.4) 51(4.3) |
41(30.4) 57(42.2) 27(20.0) 7(5.2) 3(2.2) |
0.50 [0.07] |
|
Travel Mode (n=1337) Own car Friend or Family Car Bus Metro Bicycle Walk Car-share |
502(37.6) 197(14.7) 107(8.0) 180(13.5) 14(1.1) 60(4.5) 277(20.7) |
452(37.6) 178(14.8) 95(7.9) 161(13.4) 14(1.2) 52(4.3) 250(20.8) |
50(37.0) 19(14.1) 12(8.9) 19(14.1) 0(0) 8(5.9) 27(20.0) |
0.93 |
Note: The P-values within the brackets were based on Cochran-Armitage Trend Test. Others were based on Fisher’s Exact Test.