. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 5.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Psychol Stud. 2022 Oct 9;14(4):1–19. doi: 10.5539/ijps.v14n4p1

Table 3.

Regression Analyses Predicting 4-Year-Old Children’s Woodcock-Johnson Applied Problems Subtest Scores From Parental Praise, Affirmation in a Non-Praise Context, and Corrective Feedback

Variable (n=91)	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4

	B (β)	SE	B (β)	SE	B (β)	SE	B (β)	SE
Parental feedback
Praise	.06 (.20)	.04					.03 (.11)	.03
Affirmation in a non-praise context			.05^** (.39)	.02			.03 (.26)	.02
Corrective feedback					−.08^** (−.39)	.02	−.06^* (−.30)	.02
Child age	4.57^** (.34)	1.32	4.82^*** (.36)	1.28	4.50^** (.34)	1.25	4.69^*** (.35)	1.24
Total parental utterances	−.01^* (−.25)	.00	−.02^** (−.41)	.00	.00 (.06)	.00	−.01 (−.23)	.01
R²/adjusted R²	.16/.13		.21/.18		.24/.21		.28/.24
F for R²	5.45^**		7.74^***		9.04^***		6.60^***

^{^}

p<.06

p<.05

^**

p<.01

^***

p<.001