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The pleiotropic roles of TGF-β1 within the TME include (A) dampening the antitumor immune responses, (B) enhancing protumorigenic responses, and (C) promoting other elements of protective immunity through interactions with various cell types. Key functional aspects of these interactions are depicted. DC, dendritic cell; NK, natural killer; IgA, immunoglobulin A; NFκB, nuclear factor κB.
