Table 2:
Average opioid exposure rates among full sample (panel A) and exposed sample (panel B)
| Days exposed | Fraction exposed | Exposure indicator | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Full | Sibling | Full | Sibling | Full | Sibling | |
|
| ||||||
| Panel A: Full sample | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| MAT exposure | ||||||
| Pregnancy | 2.420 | 8.395*** | 0.009 | 0.032*** | 0.015 | 0.052*** |
| T1 | 0.638 | 2.277*** | 0.007 | 0.025*** | 0.010 | 0.036*** |
| T2 | 0.849 | 2.952*** | 0.009 | 0.033*** | 0.012 | 0.042*** |
| T3 | 0.933 | 3.165*** | 0.011 | 0.038*** | 0.014 | 0.046*** |
| Non-MAT exposure | ||||||
| Pregnancy | 2.819 | 9.388*** | 0.011 | 0.035*** | 0.151 | 0.518*** |
| T1 | 0.977 | 3.314*** | 0.011 | 0.036*** | 0.064 | 0.226*** |
| T2 | 0.909 | 3.037*** | 0.010 | 0.033*** | 0.069 | 0.236*** |
| T3 | 0.933 | 3.037*** | 0.011 | 0.037*** | 0.074 | 0.245*** |
| Illicit exposure | ||||||
| Pregnancy | 1.116 | 3.597*** | 0.004 | 0.014*** | 0.010 | 0.033*** |
| T1 | 0.605 | 1.951*** | 0.007 | 0.021*** | 0.009 | 0.029*** |
| T2 | 0.36 | 1.163*** | 0.004 | 0.013*** | 0.007 | 0.021*** |
| T3 | 0.152 | 0.484*** | 0.002 | 0.006*** | 0.004 | 0.012*** |
| Any exposure | ||||||
| Pregnancy | 6.256 | 21.054*** | 0.024 | 0.080*** | 0.162 | 0.556*** |
| T1 | 2.185 | 7.427*** | 0.024 | 0.082*** | 0.076 | 0.269*** |
| T2 | 2.084 | 7.039*** | 0.023 | 0.078*** | 0.082 | 0.279*** |
| T3 | 1.988 | 6.588*** | 0.024 | 0.080*** | 0.086 | 0.287*** |
|
| ||||||
| N | 259,723 | 45,452 | 259,723 | 45,452 | 259,723 | 45,452 |
|
| ||||||
| Panel B: Exposed sample | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| MAT exposure | ||||||
| Pregnancy | 14.893 | 15.092 | 0.056 | 0.057 | 0.095 | 0.094 |
| T1 | 3.927 | 4.093 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.064 | 0.065 |
| T2 | 5.225 | 5.308 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 0.075 | 0.075 |
| T3 | 5.741 | 5.691 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.083 | 0.083 |
| Non-MAT exposure | ||||||
| Pregnancy | 17.348 | 16.879 | 0.065 | 0.064 | 0.930 | 0.931 |
| T1 | 6.011 | 5.959 | 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.391 | 0.406*** |
| T2 | 5.595 | 5.461 | 0.062 | 0.060 | 0.426 | 0.424 |
| T3 | 5.741 | 5.459** | 0.069 | 0.066** | 0.452 | 0.441*** |
| Illicit exposure | ||||||
| Pregnancy | 6.869 | 6.467 | 0.026 | 0.025 | 0.062 | 0.059 |
| T1 | 3.72 | 3.507 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.055 | 0.052 |
| T2 | 2.215 | 2.09 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.04 | 0.038 |
| T3 | 0.934 | 0.87 | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.024 | 0.022 |
| Any exposure | ||||||
| Pregnancy | 38.502 | 37.85 | 0.145 | 0.143 | 1 | 1.000*** |
| T1 | 13.448 | 13.353 | 0.148 | 0.147 | 0.469 | 0.483*** |
| T2 | 12.823 | 12.654 | 0.141 | 0.139 | 0.503 | 0.501 |
| T3 | 12.231 | 11.843* | 0.147 | 0.143 | 0.529 | 0.517*** |
|
| ||||||
| N | 42,204 | 25,282 | 42,204 | 25,282 | 42,204 | 25,282 |
Note: Data are from the 2010 –2019 birth cohorts in Wisconsin’s BD4LK linked administrative data. See caption on Table 1 for data details. We define MAT exposure as any observed prescription fills for Methadone and Buprenorphine-containing opioids known as medication assisted treatment (MAT), counting days of exposure starting from the first day of the fill through any subsequent fills. We measure non-MAT prescriptions similarly, including drug classes of opiate agonists and partial agonists: Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone, Meperidine, Morphine, Nalbuphine, Opium, Oxymorphone, Propoxyphene, Tapentadol, Tramadol, Pentazocine, and Butorphanol. We define illicit opioid exposure as the period preceding MAT exposure without more than seven days of non-MAT prescription fills as well as between MAT fills. We estimate the fraction of pregnancy or a given trimester exposed at the individual level and binary exposure indicators for periods with at least one day of exposure.
p < 0.1
p < 0.05
p < 0.01