TABLE 2.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Effect of Limited English Proficiency on Postoperative Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Craniotomy for Brain Tumor

Covariates of Interest	Surgical hospitalization length of stay				Cost of hospitalization/direct costs				Discharge to skilled facility (vs home)				30-d readmission
	IRRa	P > |z|	[95% CI]		IRRa	P > |z|	[95% CI]		ORb	P > |z|	[95% CI]		ORb	P > |z|	[95% CI]
Bivariate model
English proficient (reference)	1				1				1				1
Limited English proficiency	1.41	<0.001	1.26	1.58	1.23	<0.001	1.14	1.33	2.26	<0.001	1.60	3.20	1.26	0.40	0.73	2.17
Multivariable model
Language proficiency
English proficient (reference)	1				1				1				1
Limited English proficiency	1.11	0.04	1.00	1.24	1.13	<0.001	1.05	1.20	1.76	0.01	1.13	2.72	0.84	0.58	0.45	1.56
Age, y	1.00	0.78	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.18	1.00	1.00	1.03	<0.001	1.02	1.04	1.00	0.77	0.99	1.01
Sex
Male (reference)	1				1				1				1
Female	0.95	0.04	0.90	1.00	0.95	<0.001	0.92	0.98	0.92	0.44	0.73	1.14	0.84	0.28	0.62	1.15
Race/ethnicity
White (reference)	1				1				1				1
Asian/Pacific Islander	0.95	0.30	0.87	1.04	1.00	0.86	0.94	1.05	0.89	0.58	0.60	1.33	1.34	0.26	0.80	2.24
Hispanic/Latinx	0.97	0.52	0.89	1.06	0.98	0.41	0.93	1.03	0.87	0.50	0.59	1.29	1.28	0.32	0.79	2.07
Black	1.07	0.44	0.91	1.25	1.13	0.02	1.02	1.25	2.12	0.02	1.13	3.96	1.68	0.20	0.76	3.70
Other/unknown	1.03	0.58	0.92	1.16	0.97	0.37	0.90	1.04	0.62	0.09	0.36	1.07	0.66	0.31	0.29	1.47
Primary insurance type
Private (reference)	1				1				1				1
Public	1.23	<0.001	1.15	1.32	1.11	<0.001	1.07	1.16	1.72	<0.001	1.27	2.31	1.52	0.04	1.03	2.24
Medicare	1.02	0.65	0.94	1.09	1.04	0.12	0.99	1.08	1.25	0.15	0.93	1.69	1.15	0.53	0.75	1.75
ASA status
ASA 1 (reference)	1				1				1				1
ASA 2	1.05	0.46	0.93	1.18	1.00	0.98	0.93	1.07	0.88	0.67	0.48	1.61	2.40	0.15	0.74	7.83
ASA 3	1.28	<0.001	1.13	1.46	1.18	<0.001	1.10	1.27	1.83	0.05	0.99	3.39	5.18	0.01	1.58	16.99
ASA 4	1.45	<0.001	1.17	1.79	1.39	<0.001	1.21	1.61	5.17	<0.001	2.03	13.20	13.91	<0.001	3.45	56.09
ASA 5	2.80	<0.001	1.49	5.27	2.18	<0.001	1.30	3.65
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2	0.99	<0.001	0.99	1.00	1.00	<0.001	0.99	1.00	1.00	0.83	0.98	1.02	1.01	0.48	0.98	1.03
Case classification
Elective (reference)	1				1				1				1
Urgent	1.64	<0.001	1.52	1.78	1.41	<0.001	1.33	1.49	2.23	<0.001	1.58	3.15	1.62	0.04	1.02	2.55
Case length, min	1.00	<0.001	1.00	1.00	1.00	<0.001	1.00	1.00	1.00	<0.001	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.24	1.00	1.00
Estimated blood loss, mL	1.00	<0.001	1.00	1.00	1.00	<0.001	1.00	1.00	1.00	<0.001	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.27	1.00	1.00
Discharge disposition
Home	1
Skilled facility	1.94	<0.001	1.83	2.06
Model constant	2.78	<0.001	2.27	3.39	15 988	<0.001	14 212	17 985	0.01	<0.001	0.004	0.03	0.01	0.003	0.00	0.06

ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index; IRR, incidence rate ratio; OR, odds ratio.

^aNegative binomial regression models accommodated right skew exhibited by variables length of stay and total cost; the resulting incidence rate ratios are given.

^bLogistic regression analyses determined odds ratios for dichotomous outcome variables.