Table 1.

Risk factors of diabetic vascular complications.

Disease	Risk factors
Microvascular complications
Diabetic retinopathy	Duration of diabetes, Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Genetic factors, Nephropathy, Smoking, Dyslipidemia, BMI, Gut microbiome, NAFLD, lncRNAs
Diabetic nephropathy	Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Genetic factors, Smoking, Dyslipidemia, Gut microbiome, Obesity, Race, Gender, Age, NAFLD, lncRNAs
Diabetic neuropathy	Duration of diabetes, Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Genetic factors, Smoking, Age, higher levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, higher body-mass index, higher von Willebrand factor levels, UAE rate, NAFLD
Macrovascular complications
Cardiovascular disease	Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia Obesity, Diabetic nephropathy, Genetic factors, Age, NAFLD
Cerebrovascular disease	Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Genetic factors, Smoking, Microbiota, Obesity, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of vascular disease, Heart failure, Atrial fibrillation
Peripheral artery disease	Hyperglycemia, Obesity, Gender, Age, elevated serum lipoprotein levels, Insulin resistance, Elevated serum fibrinogen levels, Microalbuminuria, Increased levels of intercellular adhesion molecule

BMI = body mass index, LncRNAs = long noncoding RNAs, NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, UAE = urine albumin excretion.