Table 3.

Association between sociodemographic factors, problematic smartphone use, and anxiety

Variables	Anxiety (N=18,237, 33.2%)
	Boys (N=7,473, 26.4%)			Girls (N=10,764, 40.5%)
	aOR	95% CI	p	aOR	95% CI	p
Area of residence (ref=rural)
Metropolitan area	0.95	(0.85–1.06)	0.740	0.92	(0.82–1.04)	0.150
Urban area	1.02	(0.91–1.13)	0.053	1.03	(0.92–1.15)	0.069
School grade (ref=7th)
8th	1.10	(1.00–1.21)	0.018	1.19	(1.08–1.31)	0.017
9th	1.17	(1.06–1.29)	0.009	1.28	(1.17–1.41)	0.001
10th	1.28	(1.16–1.42)	0.003	1.23	(1.11–1.36)	0.005
11th	1.50	(1.37–1.65)	<0.001	1.43	(1.29–1.57)	<0.001
12th	1.78	(1.61–1.96)	<0.001	1.60	(1.45–1.77)	<0.001
Household income level (ref=high)
Middle	1.38	(1.27–1.50)	<0.001	1.54	(1.40–1.69)	<0.001
Low	2.42	(2.02–2.89)	<0.001	3.67	(3.02–4.47)	<0.001
Academic achievement (ref=high)
Middle	1.04	(0.96–1.12)	0.497	1.17	(1.08–1.27)	0.026
Low	1.38	(1.25–1.52)	0.002	1.94	(1.74–2.17)	<0.001
Body mass index (ref=normal weight)
Low weight	0.91	(0.83–0.98)	0.010	0.95	(0.89–1.01)	0.089
Overweight	0.97	(0.90–1.05)	0.079	1.15	(1.06–1.26)	0.003
Obesity	1.12	(1.05–1.20)	<0.001	1.20	(1.10–1.31)	<0.001
Cigarette use (ref=never)
Ever	1.55	(1.44–1.67)	<0.001	2.08	(1.88–2.30)	<0.001
Alcohol use (ref=never)
Ever	1.49	(1.42–1.58)	<0.001	1.77	(1.68–1.87)	<0.001
Smartphone overdependence (ref=no)
Yes	2.89	(2.72–3.07)	<0.001	2.81	(2.65–2.97)	<0.001

aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval