Table 4.

Association between sociodemographic factors, problematic smartphone use, and suicidal ideation

Variables	Suicidal ideation (N=5,979, 10.9%)
	Boys (N=2,254, 7.9%)			Girls (N=3,725, 14.0%)
	aOR	95% CI	p	aOR	95% CI	p
Area of residence (ref=rural)
Metropolitan area	1.11	(0.93–1.32)	0.836	1.15	(0.91–1.46)	0.571
Urban area	1.08	(0.91–1.28)	0.519	1.23	(0.97–1.56)	0.189
School grade (ref=7th)
8th	1.26	(1.08–1.49)	0.002	1.25	(1.10–1.42)	0.014
9th	1.20	(1.04–1.39)	0.019	1.37	(1.20–1.56)	0.003
10th	1.16	(0.98–1.37)	0.124	1.23	(1.07–1.40)	0.009
11th	1.49	(1.27–1.75)	<0.001	1.42	(1.26–1.61)	<0.001
12th	1.48	(1.26–1.74)	<0.001	1.32	(1.16–1.51)	<0.001
Household income level (ref=high)
Middle	1.04	(0.91–1.20)	0.199	1.39	(1.21–1.61)	0.001
Low	2.44	(1.93–3.08)	<0.001	3.40	(2.69–4.28)	<0.001
Academic achievement (ref=high)
Middle	0.91	(0.80–1.04)	0.087	1.02	(0.90–1.16)	0.278
Low	1.43	(1.22–1.68)	0.001	1.92	(1.65–2.24)	0.010
Body mass index (ref=normal weight)
Low weight	1.08	(0.95–1.22)	0.060	0.92	(0.84–1.01)	0.053
Overweight	1.02	(0.90–1.16)	0.219	1.12	(1.01–1.25)	0.021
Obesity	1.16	(1.03–1.30)	<0.001	1.42	(1.27–1.59)	<0.001
Cigarette use (ref=never)
Ever	1.46	(1.29–1.64)	<0.001	2.14	(1.89–2.42)	<0.001
Alcohol use (ref=never)
Ever	1.63	(1.48–1.79)	<0.001	1.92	(1.77–2.08)	<0.001
Smartphone overdependence (ref=no)
Yes	1.82	(1.66–1.99)	<0.001	1.77	(1.64–1.91)	<0.001

aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval