Table 1.

Demographic characteristics and clinical features of cADHD, sADHD, and HC groups

	cADHD (1)	sADHD (2)	HC (3)	F or χ2	p	Post hoc
Age (yr)	9.70±2.67	9.25±2.79	10.20±1.74	3.09	0.047	2<3
Gender, males	96 (83.5)	72 (80.9)	45 (57.0)	21.37	<0.001	1=2>3
IQ	103.90±15.26	104.29±16.84	117.47±12.82	21.63	<0.001	1=2<3
Comorbidities
ODD	39 (33.9)	6 (8.6)	-	15.18	<0.001	-
CD	6 (5.2)	0 (0.0)	-	-	0.085	-
Anxiety disorders	8 (7.0)	4 (5.8)	-	0.10	0.758	-
Mood disorders	5 (4.3)	4 (6.1)	-	0.26	0.610	-
Tic disorders	16 (13.9)	9 (13.0)	-	0.03	>0.999	-
Learning disorders	40 (34.8)	19 (28.8)	-	0.69	0.417	-
ADHD-RS
Inattention	18.63±4.01	14.31±3.16	5.15±2.86	332.96	<0.001	1>2>3
Hyperactivity/impulsivity	12.16±5.58	9.80±4.80	3.72±3.02	67.63	<0.001	1>2>3
Total	30.79±11.20	24.11±6.36	8.87±5.14	232.55	<0.001	1>2>3
PSQ scores
Conduct problem	7.17±4.59	5.57±3.94	1.44±1.91	50.91	<0.001	1>2>3
Learning problem	7.17±2.46	5.26±2.40	1.30±1.21	170.63	<0.001	1>2>3
Psychosomatic	1.35±2.00	1.14±1.37	0.58±1.13	8.28	<0.001	1=2>3
Impulsive-hyperactive	5.37±3.00	3.78±2.62	0.70±1.09	76.00	<0.001	1>2>3
Anxiety	2.57±2.24	2.76±2.32	0.91±1.44	22.28	<0.001	1=2>3
Hyperactivity index	13.20±5.56	9.91±4.72	2.37±2.41	122.17	<0.001	1>2>3
CGSQ scores
Objective strain	2.07±0.83	1.77±0.71	1.15±0.23	41.34	<0.001	1>2>3
SIS	2.79±1.13	2.18±0.92	1.22±0.31	70.75	<0.001	1>2>3
SES	2.36±1.00	1.75±0.71	1.25±0.32	49.09	<0.001	1>2>3
Total	2.41±0.91	1.90±0.70	1.20±0.25	64.77	<0.001	1>2>3

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; cADHD, diagnosed ADHD; sADHD, subthreshold ADHD; HC, healthy control; IQ, intelligence quotient; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; CD, conduct disorder; ADHD-RS, ADHD Rating Scale-IV; PSQ, Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire; CGSQ, Caregiver Strain Questionnaire; SIS, internalized subjective strain; SES, externalized subjective strain