Table 2.
Groups comparisons of executive functions among cADHD, sADHD, and HC groups
| cADHD (1) | sADHD (2) | HC (3) | F | p | Post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lab-based EFs | ||||||
| DST backward | 4.68±1.76 | 3.89±1.56 | 5.44±1.62 | 10.22 | <0.001 | 3>1>2 |
| SCWT, word interference | 29.79±29.56 | 31.76±16.12 | 19.06±9.93 | 10.58 | <0.001 | 2=1>3 |
| TMT, shifting time | 157.42±116.90 | 129.40±108.09 | 91.56±68.48 | 8.85 | <0.001 | 1>3 |
| Ecological EFs | ||||||
| Inhibit | 18.48±4.64 | 15.85±3.60 | 11.55±1.30 | 30.14 | <0.001 | 1>2>3 |
| Shift | 12.92±2.75 | 12.12±2.79 | 9.77±2.05 | 13.25 | <0.001 | 1=2>3 |
| Working memory | 23.10±3.03 | 18.64±2.83 | 13.14±2.70 | 128.41 | <0.001 | 1>2>3 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Ecological EFs were assessed using the related factors in Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; cADHD, diagnosed ADHD; sADHD, subthreshold ADHD; HC, healthy control; EFs, executive functions; DST, Digital Span Test; SCWT, Stroop Color Word Test; TMT, Trail Making Test