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. 2023 Oct 5;14:6214. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41999-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — a, b Charge selectivity (ratio of permeability of P_Na⁺ to P_cl; P_Na⁺/P_cl⁻) and individual P_Na⁺ and P_cl⁻ in a control and CLDN23 overexpressing SKCO15 cells and in b T84 IECs transduced with two shRNAs against CLDN23 compared with scramble non-silencing shRNA control cells. Data are mean ± SD and represent a four and three b independent experiments. Each dot represents an individual cell monolayer (n = 22 (a) and 11 (b)). *p = 0.0198 (P_Na⁺ of T84 NS vs shRNA1), *p = 0.0173 (P_Cl⁻ of T84 NS vs shRNA1), **p = 0.0031 (P_Na⁺/P_cl⁻ of SKCO15), **p = 0.0010 (P_cl⁻ of SKCO15) ***p = 0.005 (P_Na⁺ of SKCO15), ***p = 0.0001 (P_Na⁺/P_cl⁻ of T84), ***p = 0.0003 (P_Na⁺ of T84 NS vs shRNA2), ****p ≤ 0.0001 (P_Cl⁻ of T84 NS vs shRNA2); a two-tailed Student’s t test and b one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posttest (P_Na⁺/P_cl⁻ of T84) and two-tailed Student’s t test (P_Na⁺ and P_cl⁻ of T84). c, d Charge selectivity (ratio of permeability of P_Li⁺ to P_cl; P_Li⁺/P_cl) and individual P_Li⁺ and P_cl⁻ in c control and CLDN23 overexpressing SKCO15 cells and in d T84 IECs transduced with two shRNAs against CLDN23 compared with scramble non-silencing shRNA control cells. Data are mean ± SD and represent c four and three d individual experiments. Each dot represents an individual cell monolayer (n = 22 (c) and 11 (d)). *p = 0.0454 (P_Li⁺/P_cl⁻ of T84 NS vs shRNA2), *p = 0.0257 (P_Li⁺ of T84 NS vs shRNA1), *p = 0.0211 (P_Cl⁻ of T84 NS vs shRNA1), ***p = 0.0002 (P_Li⁺/P_cl⁻ of SKCO15), ***p = 0.0002 (P_Li⁺/P_cl⁻ of T84 NS vs shRNA1), ****p ≤ 0.0001 (P_Li⁺ of SKCO15, P_cl⁻ of SKCO15, P_Li⁺ of T84 NS vs shRNA2, and P_Cl⁻ of T84 NS vs shRNA2); c two-tailed Student’s t test and d one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posttest. e Homomeric homotypic structures of CLDN3 (blue), CLDN4 (orange), and CLDN23 (green) as well as f heteromeric homotypic CLDN3 and CLDN4. g Heteromeric heterotypic and h heteromeric homotypic trans interaction structures formed by heterodimers of CLDN3 and CLDN4 with CLDN23. The secondary structure of CLDNs is shown in ribbon representation. The pore profile (cyan) represents the available pore for ion/water transport across the tetrameric structure. The positively charged residues are shown in blue, negatively charged residues in red and polar residues (ASN, GLN, SER, THR, TYR) in green.