Table 4.
Effects of 24 weeks of PMT + FES compared to NMES-RT + FES on muscle CSA and intramuscular fat (IMF) in persons with spinal cord injury.
| PMT + FES | NMES-RT + FES | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right | Left | Right | Left | ||||||||||
| BL | P1 | P2 | BL | P1 | P2 | BL | P1 | P2 | BL | P1 | P2 | ||
| Whole Muscle CSA | Proximal | 101 ± 22 (n = 15) |
97 ± 22 (n = 12) | 107 ± 23* (n = 13) | 98 ± 22 (n = 14) | 90 ± 25 (n = 12) |
113 ± 25** (n = 11) | 95 ± 33 (n = 15) | 114 ± 32##** (n = 14) |
117 ± 34* (n = 12) | 96 ± 33 (n = 15) | 113 ± 30#** (n = 14) | 122 ± 31** (n = 12) |
| Middle | 89 ± 22 (n = 15) | 87 ± 25 (n = 12) | 96 ± 24* (n = 13) | 88 ± 23 (n = 14) | 89 ± 27 (n = 12) |
102 ± 27** (n = 11) |
85 ± 33 (n = 15) | 104 ± 31##** (n = 14) |
109 ± 33** (n = 12) | 87 ± 32 (n = 15) | 104 ± 31** (n = 14) | 113 ± 31** (n = 12) | |
| Distal | 70 ± 17 (n = 15) | 71 ± 21 (n = 12) | 81 ± 21** (n = 13) | 72 ± 19 (n = 13) | 72 ± 22 (n = 12) |
83 ± 22** (n = 11) | 70 ± 26 (n = 15) | 81 ± 22#* (n = 14) |
86 ± 23* (n = 12) | 70 ± 25 (n = 15) | 81 ± 22* (n = 14) | 83 ± 21* (n = 11) | |
| Average | 87 ± 19 (n = 15) | 86 ± 22 (n = 12) | 94 ± 22* (n = 13) | 88 ± 21 (n = 14) | 87 ± 24 (n = 12) |
101 ± 24* (n = 11) |
84 ± 30 (n = 15) | 100 ± 27##** (n = 14) | 104 ± 29** (n = 12) | 85 ± 29 (n = 15) | 100 ± 26#** (n = 14) | 108 ± 28** (n = 12) | |
| ABS Whole Muscle CSA | Proximal | 84 ± 23 (n = 15) | 76 ± 26 (n = 12) | 84 ± 27 (n = 13) | 84 ± 26 (n = 14) | 79 ± 25 (n = 12) |
90 ± 24 (n = 12) | 84 ± 29 (n = 15) | 101 ± 31#* (n = 14) |
102 ± 30* (n = 12) | 84 ± 28 (n = 15) | 99 ± 26#* (n = 14) | 106 ± 27* (n = 12) |
| Middle | 73 ± 22 (n = 15) | 68 ± 32 (n = 12) | 74 ± 23 (n = 13) | 73 ± 23 (n = 14) | 69 ± 22 (n = 12) |
79 ± 24 (n = 12) | 72 ± 27 (n = 15) | 86 ± 30* (n = 14) |
92 ± 29* (n = 12) | 72 ± 27 (n = 15) | 86 ± 25#* (n = 14) | 90 ± 25 (n = 12) | |
| Distal | 53 ± 17 (n = 15) | 48 ± 17 (n = 12) | 51 ± 22 (n = 13) | 60 ± 20 (n = 14) | 47 ± 20*
(n = 12) |
55 ± 23 (n = 12) | 52 ± 19 (n = 15) | 56 ± 19 (n = 14) |
63 ± 20 (n = 12) | 49 ± 18 (n = 15) | 57 ± 19# (n = 14) | 60 ± 18 (n = 11) | |
| Average | 71 ± 19 (n = 15) | 65 ± 21 (n = 12) | 71 ± 23 (n = 13) | 73 ± 20 (n = 14) | 67 ± 20 (n = 12) |
76 ± 22 (n = 12) | 70 ± 24 (n = 15) | 82 ± 24# (n = 14) |
86 ± 24* (n = 12) | 69 ± 23 (n = 15) | 82 ± 21#* (n = 14) | 85 ± 22* (n = 11) | |
| KE Muscle CSA | Proximal | 45 ± 13 (n = 15) | 41 ± 14 (n = 12) | 50 ± 15* (n = 13) | 43 ± 14 (n = 14) |
42 ± 15 (n = 12) |
52 ± 16** (n = 12) | 40 ± 13 (n = 15) | 53 ± 14##** (n = 14) |
53 ± 15** (n = 12) | 40 ± 13 (n = 15) |
52 ± 14# ** (n = 14) | 55 ± 14** (n = 12) |
| Middle | 41 ± 13 (n = 15) | 40 ± 16 (n = 12) | 46 ± 15* (n = 13) | 40 ± 14 (n = 14) |
40 ± 16 (n = 12) |
49 ± 17** (n = 12) | 38 ± 14 (n = 15) | 50 ± 14##** (n = 14) |
52 ± 15** (n = 12) | 38 ± 13 (n = 15) |
49 ± 15** (n = 14) | 53 ± 15** (n = 12) | |
| Distal | 32 ± 9 (n = 15) | 33 ± 12 (n = 12) | 36 ± 12* (n = 13) | 32 ± 10 (n = 14) |
33 ± 13 (n = 12) |
39 ± 13** (n = 12) | 30 ± 11 (n = 15) | 38 ± 10#** (n = 14) |
40 ± 10* (n = 12) | 30 ± 12 (n = 15) |
37 ± 10.5#* (n = 14) |
36 ± 9#* (n = 11) | |
| Average | 40 ± 11 (n = 15) | 39 ± 13 (n = 12) | 45 ± 14* (n = 13) | 39 ± 12.3 (n = 14) |
39 ± 14.4 (n = 12) |
47 ± 15** (n = 12) | 37 ± 12 (n = 15) | 47 ± 11##** (n = 14) |
49 ± 13** (n = 12) | 36 ± 12 (n = 15) |
46 ± 12** (n = 14) |
49 ± 13.3** (n = 11) | |
| ABS KE Muscle CSA | Proximal | 40 ± 13 (n = 15) | 34 ± 15 (n = 12) | 39 ± 18 (n = 13) | 38 ± 15 (n = 14) | 36 ± 14 (n = 12) |
43 ± 17 (n = 12) | 38 ± 13 (n = 15) | 47 ± 15#* (n = 14) |
47 ± 15 (n = 12) | 36 ± 12 (n = 15) | 47 ± 14#** (n = 14) | 49 ± 15* (n = 12) |
| Middle | 36 ± 12 (n = 15) | 32 ± 14 (n = 12) | 36 ± 15 (n = 13) | 35 ± 14 (n = 14) | 34 ± 14 (n = 12) |
39 ± 16 (n = 12) | 34 ± 12 (n = 15) | 41 ± 16 (n = 14) |
45 ± 14 (n = 12) | 32 ± 12 (n = 15) | 41 ± 14#* (n = 14) | 43 ± 14* (n = 11) | |
| Distal | 26 ± 8 (n = 15) | 23 ± 10 (n = 12) | 25 ± 13 (n = 13) | 25 ± 11 (n = 14) | 22 ± 12 (n = 12) |
27 ± 14 (n = 12) | 24 ± 9 (n = 15) | 27 ± 12 (n = 14) |
29 ± 11 (n = 12) | 22 ± 9 (n = 15) | 27 ± 12 (n = 14) | 27 ± 10 (n = 11) | |
| Average | 34 ± 10 (n = 15) | 30 ± 13 (n = 12) | 34 ± 15 (n = 13) | 34 ± 13 (n = 14) | 31 ± 13 (n = 12) |
37 ± 15 (n = 12) | 32 ± 11 (n = 15) | 39 ± 13 (n = 14) |
41 ± 12 (n = 12) | 30 ± 10 (n = 15) | 39 ± 12#* (n = 14) | 39 ± 12* (n = 11) | |
| Whole Thigh IMF | Proximal | 16 ± 12 (n = 15) | 21 ± 18 (n = 12) | 24 ± 22 (n = 13) | 15 ± 11 (n = 14) |
18.6 ± 13.6 (n = 12) |
21 ± 17 (n = 12) |
10 ± 8 (n = 15) | 13 ± 9 (n = 14) |
14 ± 10 (n = 12) | 12 ± 12 (n = 15) |
12 ± 9 (n = 14) |
16 ± 14 (n = 12) |
| Middle | 16 ± 11 (n = 15) | 19 ± 13 (n = 12) | 22 ± 20* (n = 13) | 14 ± 8 (n = 14) |
18 ± 12 (n = 12) |
21 ± 17 (n = 12) |
13 ± 10 (n = 15) | 18 ± 14 (n = 14) |
17 ± 13 (n = 12) | 15 ± 11 (n = 15) |
16 ± 10 (n = 14) |
17 ± 14 (n = 12) |
|
| Distal | 18 ± 12 (n = 15) | 24 ± 14 (n = 12) | 25 ± 21 (n = 13) | 19 ± 11 (n = 14) |
26 ± 15 (n = 12) |
26 ± 19 (n = 12) |
18 ± 13 (n = 15) | 25 ± 16 (n = 14) |
22 ± 17 (n = 12) | 20 ± 14 (n = 15) |
23 ± 10 (n = 14) |
23 ± 13 (n = 11) |
|
| Average | 16 ± 11 (n = 15) | 21 ± 14 (n = 12) | 23 ± 20* (n = 13) | 16 ± 8 (n = 14) |
20 ± 13 (n = 12) |
22 ± 17 (n = 12) |
14 ± 10 (n = 15) | 19 ± 13 (n = 14) |
18 ± 12 (n = 12) | 15.7 ± 11 (n = 15) |
17 ± 9# (n = 15) |
18 ± 13 (n = 12) |
|
| Whole Thigh % IMF | Proximal | 17 ± 13 (n = 15) | 22 ± 18 (n = 12) | 19 ± 16 (n = 12) | 17 ± 14 (n = 14) |
19 ± 15 (n = 12) |
19 ± 16 (n = 12) |
11 ± 7 (n = 15) | 12 ± 9 (n = 14) |
13 ± 9 (n = 12) | 13 ± 8 (n = 15) |
11 ± 8 (n = 14) |
13 ± 10 (n = 12) |
| Middle | 18 ± 13 (n = 15) | 22 ± 15 (n = 12) | 20 ± 15 (n = 12) | 17 ± 11 (n = 14) |
21 ± 14 (n = 12) |
20 ± 15 (n = 12) |
15 ± 8 (n = 15) | 18 ± 13 (n = 14) |
15 ± 11 (n = 12) | 17 ± 11 (n = 15) |
16 ± 8 (n = 14) |
15 ± 11 (n = 12) |
|
| Distal | 25 ± 16 (n = 15) | 33 ± 16 (n = 12) | 29 ± 19 (n = 12) | 24 ± 14 (n = 14) |
36 ± 21 (n = 12) |
32 ± 21 (n = 12) |
25 ± 12 (n = 15) | 30 ± 17 (n = 14) |
25 ± 17 (n = 12) | 28 ± 14 (n = 15) |
30 ± 11(n = 14) | 27 ± 14 (n = 11) |
|
| Average | 19 ± 13 (n = 15) | 25 ± 15 (n = 12) | 22 ± 15 (n = 12) | 19 ± 10 (n = 14) |
24 ± 14 (n = 12) |
23 ± 16 (n = 12) |
17 ± 8 (n = 15) | 19 ± 12 (n = 14) |
17 ± 10 (n = 12) | 19 ± 10 (n = 15) |
18 ± 8 (n = 14) |
17 ± 11 (n = 12) |
|
| KE IMF | Proximal | 5.5 ± 4.8 (n = 15) |
8.4 ± 11 (n = 12) |
10.9 ± 13.2* (n = 13) |
4.8 ± 4.0 (n = 14) |
6.2 ± 6.1 (n = 12) |
8.9 ± 10.4 (n = 12) |
2.9 ± 2.1 (n = 15) |
5.6 ± 5.4 (n = 14) |
6.2 ± 5.7 (n = 12) |
4.5 ± 5.1 (n = 15) |
4.5 ± 3.5# (n = 14) |
6.1 ± 6.8 (n = 12) |
| Middle | 5.0 ± 4.8 (n = 15) |
7.7 ± 8.7 (n = 12) |
10.7 ± 12.9* (n = 13) |
5.2 ± 3.7 (n = 14) |
6.2 ± 5.6 (n = 12) |
9.1 ± 9.4 (n = 12) |
4.5 ± 3.9 (n = 15) |
9.2 ± 9.5 (n = 14) |
7.6 ± 7.4 (n = 12) |
6.0 ± 5.8 (n = 15) |
7.4 ± 5.4 (n = 14) |
7.4 ± 7 (n = 12) |
|
| Distal | 5.4 ± 4.5 (n = 15) |
9.9 ± 8.7 (n = 12) |
11.3 ± 12.9 (n = 12) |
6.2 ± 4.2 (n = 14) |
10.3 ± 8.2 (n = 12) |
11.7 ± 10.5 (n = 12) |
5.9 ± 4.6 (n = 15) |
11.1 ± 9.6 (n = 14) |
9.8 ± 9.4 (n = 12) |
8.3 ± 7.2 (n = 15) |
10.0 ± 5.6# (n = 14) |
9.1 ± 6.1 (n = 11) |
|
| Average | 5.2 ± 4.5 (n = 15) |
8.5 ± 9.1 (n = 12) |
10.9 ± 12.5* (n = 13) |
5.4 ± 3.4 (n = 14) |
7.4 ± 5.8 (n = 12) |
9.8 ± 9.9 (n = 12) |
4.4 ± 3.2 (n = 15) |
8.6 ± 8 (n = 14) |
7.9 ± 6.8 (n = 12) |
6.2 ± 5.7 (n = 15) |
7.3 ± 4.8 (n = 14) |
7.2 ± 6 (n = 12) |
|
| KE % IMF | Proximal | 12.4 ± 10.3 (n = 15) |
19.6 ± 21.1 (n = 12) |
22.2 ± 23.5* (n = 13) |
13 ± 12.3 (n = 14) |
15.2 ± 14 (n = 12) |
17.7 ± 19.9 (n = 12) |
7.8 ± 6.6 (n = 15) |
11.8 ± 12.8 (n = 14) |
12.3 ± 13.2 (n = 12) |
11.0 ± 11.6 (n = 15) |
9.2 ± 7.6 (n = 14) |
11.8 ± 13.6 (n = 12) |
| Middle | 11.8 ± 9.9 (n = 15) |
18.7 ± 15.4 (n = 12) |
21.9 ± 20.8 (n = 13) |
14.0 ± 10.5 (n = 14) |
15.8 ± 11.6 (n = 12) |
18.8 ± 17.3 (n = 12) |
11.9 ± 9.0 (n = 15) |
18.9 ± 20.2 (n = 14) |
14.5 ± 14.1 (n = 12) |
15.9 ± 14.1 (n = 15 |
15.9 ± 10.8 (n = 14) |
15.2 ± 14.2 (n = 12) |
|
| Distal | 17.2 ± 12.5 (n = 15) |
28.7 ± 17.8 (n = 12) |
31.3 ± 24.1 (n = 13) |
20.9 ± 15.2 (n = 14) |
32.2 ± 22.8 (n = 12) |
30.7 ± 23.6 (n = 12) |
19.5 ± 11.2 (n = 15) |
29.4 ± 24.6 (n = 14) |
23.7 ± 22.2 (n = 12) |
25.0 ± 17.3 (n = 15) |
29.5 ± 16.5 (n = 14) |
26.8 ± 20.1# (n = 11) |
|
| Average | 13.3 ± 10.0 (n = 15) |
21.7 ± 17.0 (n = 12) |
24.3 ± 21.8* (n = 13) |
15.3 ± 9.9 (n = 14) |
19.9 ± 13.1 (n = 12) |
21.6 ± 19.8 (n = 12) |
12.8 ± 7.6 (n = 15) |
19.7 ± 18.7 (n = 14) |
16.7 ± 13.8 (n = 12) |
17.1 ± 13.3 (n = 15) |
17.7 ± 10.9 (n = 14) |
17.0 ± 14.4 (n = 12) |
|
Proximal CSA represent the first 4 MRI slices starting with the first one just at the inferior border of the gluteus maximus muscle; middle CSA represents the 4 slices of the mid-thigh; distal CSA represents the average of the 4–6 slices towards the knee joints. Average CSA represents the average of the entire 12–14 slices per right or left leg. ##Between group differences p < 0.001. #Between group differences p < 0.001–p ≤ 0.049. **Time effect within group, p < 0.001. *Time effect within group, 0.001 < p ≤ 0.043.