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. 2023 Sep 22;14:1250541. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250541

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Copyright © 2023 Cao, Qian, Li, Ma and Xie

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of IFN-I in adaptive immunity: TSLP-independent. Epithelial cells-derived TSLP exerts adaptive antiviral activity by activating DCs that trigger CD8⁺ T cell amplification, B cell differentiation, and antigen-specific antibody secretion. IFN-I regulates adaptive immune response directly by stimulating immune cells (such as T cells or B cells), which is independent of TSLP, or indirectly by stimulating DCs to induce CD4⁺ T cells to differentiate into Tfh or Th1 cells that can activate antibody production by GC B cells.